here to be observed that the ratifications of that treaty, which were exchanged january twenty-eight, 1800, could not have been known by the government when the instructions were given, because these were dispatched in the preceding month.-Though unofficially concluded, yet the government confirmed the treaty, as soon as it was apprized of the transaction. On the ninth of june, lieutenant Wright arrived at Cairo with a flag of truce, bearing dispatches from the vizier and sir Sydney Smith. But Menou, who knew that the settlement in Egypt was Buonaparte's favourite project, and perhaps associated personal views of ambition with the desire of gratifying the first consul, refused to renew the negotiation. 1800 ITALY. AFTER the persecution which the unfortunate Pius the Sixth had undergone, it was expected that the arbitrator of the fate of Italy would have completely demolished the ecclesiastical state and the papal dignity. But he was induced by political motives, which may be seen in the French history of the ensuing year, to suffer its existence. With his acquiescence, cardinal de Chiaramonte was this year elected to the papal chair, and assumed the name of PIUS SEVENTH; a man whose good sense gave him a just idea of the state of the holy see and the conditions upon which he should hold it.* 1800 PRUSSIA, DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND RUSSIA. THE Crowns of Denmark and Sweden, which had hitherto observed a neutrality in the present contest among the European powers, were now induced by policy to take part in it.-Great Britain, being distressed by the assistance which the neutral powers afforded her enemy, in supplying them with stores, endeavoured, upon the principle of self-defence, to prevent it. This was, unhappily, the cause of a rupture between the British crown - d Annual Register. 1801. 221. and Annual Register. 198. 1800 1800 and these monarchs, who, had they acted upon the principle of public good, would have firmly combined against the already ascendant, and still increasing, power of France.-Negotiations were now carried on between the courts of Copenhagen, Stockholm, Petersburg, and Berlin, for a revival of that confederacy which had been formed by them in 1780 to oppose the right of search claimed by Great Britain.-France, which, in the beginning of the revolution, had encouraged the subjects of every state in Europe to rebel against their governments, now offered herself the protector of injured monarchs: all Europe resounded with "The liberty of "the seas," as it had formerly done with " Liberty and equality;" and France declared, "that the powers of the north, unjustly attacked, have a right to rely on the assistance of France; and the French government will, with them, avenge an injury common to all nations, without forgetting that it ought to contend only for peace and the happiness of the "world." The kings of Denmark and Sweden, deceived by these seductive declarations, inviting the world to the enjoyment of peace and happiness under the auspices of France, which corresponded with the ideas they had formed of their own interests, prepared for resistance to Great Britain by force of arms. The emperor Paul, who was incensed against that power because he was not gratified with the cession of Malta, became a zealous partisan of the confederacy and an avowed admirer of Buonaparte, against whom he had carried on war:* and as a testimony of his extreme displeasure with Great Britain he laid an embargo on all the English shipping in his ports. -And his Prussian majesty, influenced by the interest which he conceived December 30. that An official note was now published in the Petersburg gazette as follows: "Whereas, his "imperial majesty had learned that the island of Malta, lately in the possession of the French, "had been surrendered to the English troops; but, as it yet was uncertain whether the agreement "entered into on the thirtieth of december 1798, would be fulfilled, according to which, that "island was to be restored to the order of St. John of Jerusalem, of which his majesty the "emperor of all the Russias was grand master; his imperial majesty, being determined to defend "his rights, had been pleased to command, that an embargo should be laid on all English ships in "the ports of his empire, till the above-mentioned convention should be fulfilled."--Paul was now become a professed admirer of the character of Buonaparte.-A letter from general Pahlin, dated november 1800, states, that when he had the honour to dine with him, his imperial majesty said that he would give, as a toast, the greatest man in Europe. On which he immediately drank Buonaparte! Huzza! Vive Buonaparte!-Annual Register. 1801, 98. that he had in adhering to the French interests in this contest, and the councils of his confidential minister, Lucchesini, who had lately been his ambassador at Paris, prepared to give it his support.* 1800 TURKEY. WHILST the attention of the sultan and his divan was occupied by the warlike events in Egypt, and the negotiations with the French general, the particulars of which are given in the history of France, they are threatened with an attack in another quarter by a sudden change of councils at the court of Petersburg. But they were soon relieved from their apprehensions by the death of the emperor in the beginning of the ensuing year. 1800 EAST INDIES. THE most memorable transaction of this year was a treaty concluded between the English company and the subah, or nizam, of the Decan, † whereby his highness, in commutation for the subsidy payable to the "honourable company, has ceded to it in perpetual sovereignty, all the "territories acquired by his highness, under the treaty of Seringapatam on "the eighteenth of march 1792; and also all the territories acquired by his highness, under the treaty of Mysore on the twenty-second of june 1799, "with the exception of certain districts situated to the northward of the "river Tumbuddra, which are retained by his highness in exchange for the provinces of Adoni and Nundyal, and for all his highness's remaining pos"sessions and dependencies situated to the southward of the river Tumbuddra, and of the river Kristna, below its junction with the Tumbuddra, the provinces of Adoni and Nundyal, and all the said districts, possessions, and dependencies of his highness, situated to the southward of the Tumbuddra, " and 1800 1800 "and of the Kristna below its junction with the Tumbuddra, being ceded "to the honourable company. The annual revenues of the countries ceded by this treaty to the honourable company amount (according to the "valuations contained in the schedules of the late Tippoo Sultan, and of his highness the subahdar of the Decan,) to sixty-two lacks, seventy-four "thousand and two hundred and sixty-two rupees."-Whether this accession of territory, and those made in consequence of the two last wars with the rajah of Mysore, will be essentially conducive to the welfare of the East India company and the British government and nation, time will prove. We have had a trial of extensive subordinate territories and the different modes of governing them: and that we may profit by experience is, no doubt, the ardent wish of every friend to his country.—Whatever their sentiments may be respecting the expediency of extending our territories, they cannot but applaud the solicitude shewn by the state at this period to afford its subjects in the east all the advantages of a well constituted government and an equal administration of justice. We have a proof of this in an act passed this year, for establishing further regulations for the government of the British territories in the east, and the better administration of justice in the same. b 1800 WEST INDIES. TOUSSAINT now availed himself of the influence which his popularity gave him, and his power as commander in chief, to restore good order in St. Domingo. For that end he addressed a letter at this time, to the civil and military authorities, and French citizens of the southern department, inviting those who had revolted against the government to return to their obedience by the most liberal offer of pardon. Moreover, the better to enforce the acceptance of it, he communicated to them a letter which he had then received from the French minister of the marine and colonies, informing him of the revolution which had taken place in the state, and of July 28. Asiatic Ann. Regist. 140. Asiatic Ann. Regist. p. 5. State Papers, « Use your of the good disposition of the first consul towards him. 1800 AMERICAN STATES. THE threatened rupture with France being happily prevented, and the government of that country being placed upon a more stable foundation by the late revolution, a treaty of amity and commerce was this year concluded between France and the American States, † whereby the subjects of each were admitted to all the privileges of the most favoured nations. ** Information had, also, been received by the American government of the ratification of a treaty of the same nature concluded in the preceding year with his Prussian majesty. aa Under these auspicious circumstances the president of the United States met the houses of congress, now first assembled at Washington. -In his address to the deputies on this solemn occasion, he calls on them to provide against danger from without, at the same time that they used every means to preserve good order among themselves and peace with all the world. His reflection on the affairs of Europe, and the contrast which he draws between their situation and that of the United States, is well deserving our attention. "As one of the grand community of nations, "our attention is irresistibly drawn to the important scenes which surround 66 us. If they have exhibited an uncommon portion of calamity, it is the province of humanity to deplore, and of wisdom to avoid the causes which "may have produced it. If, turning our eyes homeward, we find reason to 1800 |