to the duke of Courland, to the throne. On the death of Anne in 1740, Iwan, the infant son of Anthony Ulrick duke of Brunswick Wolfembuttel by Anne daughter of the duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin and granddaughter of czar John, was raised to the throne. Having held it only thirteen months, he was deposed, and confined for life, to make room for the empress Elizabeth, second daughter of Peter the Great. On Elizabeth's death in 1762, PETER THE THIRD, Son of the duke of Holstein by that empress's eldest sister, succeeded her agreeably to a previous settlement of the crown.The result may be seen by referring to the Russian history.---He had, by Catharine of Anhalt Zerbst, a son, Paul Petrowitz, born 1754, who succeeded the empress Catharine in 1796.--He married in 1773 Wilhelmina daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, by whom he had no issue. That princess dying in 1776, he married, the same year, the princess Sophia of Wirtemberg Stutgard, by whom he had his heir and several other children. On the death of Paul in 1801, his son succeeded him by the name of ALEXANDER. This monarch was born in 1777, and married in 1793 the princess Louisa of Baden, daughter of the hereditary prince. THE house of Savoy, according to Moreri, has its descent from Berthold, a descendant from Witikind duke of Saxony; who commanding the army of Rodolph king of Burgundy and rendering him signal services, was rewarded by him with the grant of the counties of Savoy and Marienne in the year 1000; to which were added Piedmont and other territories.—The original line became extinct by the death of count Philip without heirs in 1285.-The second line, which sprung from Thomas the eighth count, expired in Lewis of Savoy, prince of Achaia and the Morea and count of Piedmont, in 1418.-He was succeeded by Amadeus the eighth duke of Chablais, lord of Bresse, &c. who was created duke of Savoy by the emperor Sigismund; from whom was lineally descended duke Charles Emanuel; who married Catharine, eldest daughter of Philip the Second of Spain, Spain, and was the grandfather of Charles Emanuel, father of Victor Amadeus. Victor Amadeus, first king of Sardinia, was son of Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy and Frances daughter of Gaston duke of Orleans.-He was born 1666; and at the age of eleven years succeeded his father in the duchy.He married, first, in 1684, Anne Mary, daughter of Philip duke of Orleans and Henrietta of England, by whom he had Charles Emanuel his heir: Mary Adelaide, married to the duke of Burgundy: and Mary Gabriella, married to Philip the Fifth of Spain.-After the death of this queen, he was privately married to the countess of Saint Sebastian,.by whom he had no child. He resigned the crown in 1730 and died two years after. CHARLES EMANUEL who received the crown by resignation in 1730, had been married in 1722 to Anne of Bavaria Sultzbach, by whom he had one son who died young. On her death, he married, in 1724, Polyxena of Hesse Rhinfelds, by whom he had his successor and other children. On her death in 1734 he married Elizabeth of Lorrain, sister of the emperor Francis Stephen, by whom he had Benedict, duke of Chablais. VICTOR AMADEUS THE SECOND, who succeeded his father in 1773, at the age of forty-seven years, had married, in 1750, Mary Antoinette, daughter of Philip the Fifth of Spain; by whom he has Charles Emanuel prince of Piedmont; Victor; Maurice; Charles; Joseph; Maria Josepha married to the count of Provence, and Maria Theresa to count d'Artois.---The prince of Piedmont is married to Mary Adelaide, sister of Lewis the Sixteenth. From this stem of the house of Savoy there are two branches: one is that of Carignan, originating in a younger son of the duke Charles Emanuel. The other is that of Soissons, originating in the second son of the preceding. The latter was chiefly celebrated for having produced prince Eugene, the duke of Marlborough's rival in fame. He was the son of Eugene Maurice of Savoy, count of Soissons, by Olympia Mancini, niece of cardinal Mazarine: was born in 1663 and died in 1736. HOUSE HOUSES OF SAXONY. DESCENT. THE two original lines of the Saxon house, viz. the electoral and that of Saxe Lawenburg, and also the different branches of the house of Anhalt, were collaterally descended from Albert the Bear, count of Ascania. Bernard, son of Albert, was created elector of Saxony on the expulsion of Henry the Lion, of the house of Guelph, in 1180. Bernard dying, 1212, left two sons; Henry the founder of the house of Anhalt, and Albert who continued the electoral line; and whose second son, John, founded the house of Saxe Lawenburg-The original electoral line becoming extinct in 1422, the emperor Sigismund granted it to Frederic the Warlike, marquis of Misnia, whom Moreri supposes to have been of the same race, but who was not of the same line.-His heir, Frederic the Second, had two sons. Ernest, the elder, founded the Ernestine, and his second, Albert, the Albertine branch.-In 1547, John Frederic was deprived of the electorate by the emperor Charles the Fifth, for the support he gave the protestant cause in Germany, and his cousin, Maurice, was invested with it: and from that time it has remained in the Albertine branch.---From John William, grandson, of John Frederic, sprung the duke of Saxe Weimar; from whom originated the dukes of Eisenac and Gotha:---and from the last of these the six families of Cobourg, Meiningen, Romhild, Eisenberg, Hildeburg, and Saalfield have their descent.-The line of Saxe Lawen burg became extinct by the death of duke Julius Francis without male heirs 1689.From the above Henry, duke of Anhalt, are descended the houses of Anhalt Dessau, Bernburg, and Zerbst. The duchy of Saxe Teschen was created in favour of prince Albert of Saxony, son of the late king of Poland, who married the archduchess, Maria Christina Josepha, daughter of the emperor Francis Stephen." FREDERIC AUGUSTUS, son of John George elector of Saxony of the Albertine line, was born in 1670; and succeeded his elder brother John George in 1694.---He was a prince of talents, and was endowed with vast bodily f See Brunswick. VOL. IV. 3 R strength. See Germany. 1781. strength. His history is distinguished by his reverses of fortune during the war between Peter the Great and Charles the Twelfth. He married, in 1693, Christina of Brandenburg Bareuth, by whom he had his successor. AUGUSTUS THE SECOND was born in 1696. He succeeded his father in the electoral dignity and was elected to the crown of Poland, in 1733. -In 1716 he married the archduchess Josephina, daughter of the emperor Joseph the First.---We have seen, in the German history, the distress in which he was involved in consequence of his engaging in the war with the king of Prussia in 1756.-He had by his electress queen, who died in 1757, Frederic, his heir, Xavier, Charles, Albert, Clement, Amelia, married to Charles the Third of Spain, M. Anne, married to the elector of Bavaria, and Josepha, married to the dauphin Lewis.---He died in 1763. See German history. Frederic, eldest son of Augustus, having died a short time before his father, Frederic Augustus, son of that prince by Maria Antoinette of Bavaria, succeeded his grandfather. He was born in 1750, and in 1769 married M. Amelia of Deux Ponts, sister of the present duke. The celebrated marshal Saxe was a natural son of Augustus the First by M. Aurora countess of Koningsmark. HOUSE OF STUART ON THE THRONES OF SCOTLAND 1 DESCENT. THIS family derives its descent from Walter Stuart, lord of Dondonald and Senechal of Scotland, who died 1258.---His descendant, Walter Stuart, married Mary, daughter of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland; by whom he had a son, Robert, who, according to Buchanan, “ was, in a full assembly "of the estates, by a general suffrage named heir presumptive of the crown." This was done at the desire of his uncle, David Bruce, whom he succeeded in the throne in 1370.---From him was descended James the Second, whose second son founded the branch of Albany. His eldest, James the Third, was father of James the Fourth, who by his marriage with Margaret Margaret daughter of Henry the Seventh of England, gave his descendant James the Sixth a presumptive right to the succession of that crown, which he afterwards enjoyed.---His son James the Fifth, had by his second wife, Mary of Lorrain, daughter of Claud duke of Guise" and widow of Lewis duke of Longueville, an only surviving daughter, Mary, who succeeded him 1542. This unfortunate princess married 1558 Francis the Second of France; who died 1560. She afterwards married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, son of the earl of Lenox, by whom she had an only son James the Sixth, who succeeded her on the throne of Scotland on her execution in 1587; and to that of England on the death of queen Elizabeth in 1603 by the title of James the First. He was born 1566-married 1590 Anne, daughter of Frederic the Second of Denmark, by whom he had Henry, born 1594, died 1612---Elizabeth, born 1596, married 1613 to Frederic the Fifth elector Palatine---Charles, his successor---and Robert; Margaret; Mary; and Sophia, who died infants.---Charles the First was born 1600--was created prince of Wales 1616---succeeded his father 1625, and the same year married Henrietta, daughter of Henry the Fourth of France; by whom he had Charles his successor---Mary, born 1631; married 1641 to William the Second prince of Orange---James who succeeded his brother ----Elizabeth, born 1635, who died a prisoner in Carisbrook castle 1650, a victim to her father's cruel fate.---Henry duke of Glocester, born 1640; died 1660---Henrietta Maria, born 1644; married 1661 to Philip duke of Orleans, to whom she bore two daughters, Mary Louisa and Anne, married to Charles the Second of Spain and Victor Amadeus of Savoy.-Charles the First was executed january 30, 1649. CHARLES THE SECOND was born in 1630, and was restored to the English throne in 1660.---He married, in 1662, Catharine, daughter of John the Fourth of Portugal, by whom he had no child.-His natural chil dren were James duke of Monmouth by Mrs. Walters.---A daughter married to James Howard, grandson of the earl of Suffolk, by the viscountess Shannon.---Charles Fitzroy by Barbara Villiers, created duchess of Cleveland. By the same lady he had Henry duke of Grafton: George duke of Northumberland, and Charlotte married to the earl of Litchfield.---Charles Beauclerk duke of St. Albans by Mrs. Eleanor Gwyn.---Charles Lenox duke of |