EXAMPLES. 1. Do you love stúdy? I dó. 2. Did you regret his departure? Not much. 3. Have you read my key to the Rómans? I have turned it over. Remark 1.--Inflections often have the influence of vary ing the sense of passages. For example, note the following. Will you go to-day or to-morrow? Yes. Will you go to-day or to-morrow? I shall go to-morrow. The former question asks whether he will go within the two days, and may be answered by yes or no, but the latter, on which day he will go, and can not be thus answered. RULE III. Antithetic* terms or clauses usually take opposite inflections; generally, the former has the rising, and the latter the falling inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. By hónor, and dishonor; by évil report, and good report; as decéivers, and yet true. 2. Homer was the greater génius; Virgil, the better àrtist: in the one, we admire the mán; in the other, the work. 3. They have mouths-but they speak not: They have éars-but they hear not : They have hands-but they handle not: 4. To bé, or not to bè, that is the question. NOTE I. When one of the antithetic clauses is a negative, and the other an affirmative, generally the former has the rising, and the latter the falling inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. He was esteemed, not for wealth, but for wisdom. 2. You should show your courage by deeds, not by words. 3. I said an elder soldier, not a better. 4. He is not going to Páris, but to London. * Antithetic terms are those which are opposed to each other in sense, as in a comparison or contrast. Thus, This one is great, but the other is small. Remark 1. In this particular the negative clause may be in position, either before or after the affirmative. The same also may be said in regard to such comparisons as are connected by than, in which case, generally, the clause immediately following it, is read with the rising, and the other with the falling inflection. Thus, 1. It is easier to be wise for others, than for ourselves. 2. It is better to be poor, than ignorant. 3. We think less of the injuries we do, than of those we suffer. Remark 2. It may sometimes be difficult to determine the antithetic terms. When both are expressed, much less difficulty will be presented, than in instances where one is omitted, and is to be suggested by the inflection of voice on the other. In this case, the most efficient means of determining which, will be found in a knowledge of the previous connection. NOTE II. The rising inflection in many instances of antithetic relation, as well as in many other cases, borders closely on the circumflex, and in fact by many it is used with propriety instead of the rising slide. Thus, Dr. Porter has frequently inarked in his Analysis, the same example both ways, sometimes with the rising inflection, and at others with the circumflex. This variation arises principally from the taste of different readers. QUESTIONS.-1. Repeat Rule 1. 2. When does the direct question take the falling inflection? 3. In such cases what is previously expressed or implied? 4. When do exclamations take the rising inflection? 5. Repeat Rule II. 6. In what instances do indirect questions take the rising inflection? 7. When do answers to questions take the rising inflection? 8. Give an example. 9. What influence do inflections often have on the sense of a passage? 10. Give an example. 11. Repeat Rule III. 12. What is meant by antithetic terms? 13. When one of the antithetic clauses is a negative, and the other an affirmative, what inflections do they take? 14. What is said of their position in a sentence with regard to each other? 15. What of such comparisons as are connected by than? 16. When one of the antithetic terms are omitted, by what means can it be ascertained? 17. What is said in regard to the rising inflection and circumflex ? LESSON V. RULES FOR THE USE OF INFLECTIONS-continued. RULE IV. The pause of suspension, denoting that the sense is incomplete, usually has the rising inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass, of the field, which to-day ís, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe yoú, O ye of little faith? 2. Bright as the pillar rose at Heaven's command, When Israel marched along the desert land, 3. If I have made gold my hope, Or have said to fine gold, Thou art my cónfidence; If I beheld the sun when it shined, Or the moon walking in brightness; And my heart hath been secretly enticed, Or my mouth hath kissed my hánd; This also were an iniquity to be punished by the jùdge: NOTE I. The ordinary direct address, not accompanied with strong emphasis, takes the rising inflection, on the prin ciple of the pause of suspension. EXAMPLES. 1. Símon, son of Jónas, lovest thou mé? 2. Mén, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defense which I make now unto you. 3. Ye glittering towns, with wealth and splendor crówn'd; Ye fields, when summer spreads profusion round; Ye lakes, whose vessels catch the busy gále; Creation's heir, the world, the world is mine! NOTE II. The pause of suspension, if accompanied with strong emphasis, must sometimes have the intense falling inflection, in order to secure the true meaning of the passage. Thus, He, who spends his time in idleness, if he does not become pe`nniless, will have but little to bestow on others. Remark 1.-If the rising inflection be made on penniless, the sense would be perverted, and the passage made to mean, that in order to be able to bestow on others, it is necessary that he should become penniless! Remark 2.—That clause of a sentence, which is merely introductory to a quotation, should be read with the rising inflection, on the principle of the pause of suspension. Thus, They answered and said, We can not tell. Here the quotation is the direct grammatical object of the verb said, and should not be separated from it by the falling inflection, as though the sense were complete. RULE V. Expressions of tender emotion, as of grief, or kindness, commonly incline the voice to the rising inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. Mother-I leave thy dwelling; With grief my heart is swelling, From thée-from thée-to séver. RULE VI. The penultimate pause, or the last but one in a sentence, usually has the rising inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. Without controversy, great is the mystery of godliness; God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen of àngels, preached unto the Gèntiles, believed on in the world, received up into glòry. 2. Then, pilgrim, tùrn, thy cares foregò; All earth-born cares are wrong; Nor wants that little lòng. 3. Be pèrfect, be of good còmfort, be of one mind, live in peace. NOTE I. The rising inflection is employed at the penultimate pause in order to promote variety, since the voice generally falls at the end of a sentence. NOTE II.-In some instances the penultimate pause takes the falling inflection, especially when accompanied with strong emphasis. Thus, 1. You wronged yourself, to write in such a case. 2. All I ask, all I wish, is a tèar. QUESTIONS.-1. What is the Rule for the inflection on the pause of suspension? 2. What inflection has the ordinary direct address? 3. On what principles? 4. What inflection does the pause of suspension sometimes require? 5. Why? 6. Give an example, and show how the sense would be perverted if the rising be used. 7. Repeat Rule V. 8. What Rule is given for the inflection at the last pause but one in a sentence? 9. Why is the rising inflection used at the penultimate pause? 10. What inflection generally has the final pause? 11. When does the penultimate take the falling inflection? LESSON VI. RULES FOR THE USE OF INFLECTIONS-continued. RULE VII. Expressions of strong emotion, as of anger or surprise, and also the language of authority and reproach, are uttered with the falling inflection. EXAMPLES. 1. Woe! unto him that saith to the wood, Awake! 2. Help, àngels, make assày! Row, stubborn knees! and hearts with strings of steel, 3. Hence, home, you idle creatures, get you hòme; Ye heavenly guards! 5. Go to the raging sea, and say, "Be still!" NOTE I-The direct address, when accompanied with strong emphasis; exclamations, not expressive of tender eniotion or used as questions; the language of terror and denunciation, are included in this rule, and expressed with the falling inflection. |