this part:-'M. de Talleyrand came forward and said, "Now that all is finished, we ask you, gentlemen, to express your adhesion to the new order of things." Marshal Ney hastened to say he had done so. "I do not address myself to you, but to the Dukes of Tarentum and Vicenza." I simply replied that I refused, and Caulaincourt said the same.'

The same fearless and chivalrous spirit distinguished the later parts of Macdonald's career. He had kept aloof from the Bourbons, as became his position, but he remained true to them through all the changes of fortune. He was made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII., and received one of the great provincial governments, bestowed on the Marshals as props of the throne. But he perceived and resented the faults of the Bourbons; and he has dwelt, in these pages, at some length on the follies of the returned émigrés, on the violence of the extreme Royalist faction, and the infatuated policy which combined all the interests of the Revolution against the Monarchy. Especially mischievous were the progresses of the Royal Princes, made in the hope of winning popular favour, but only arousing anger and bad blood, owing to a series of extravagant errors; and he boldly expressed his views on the subject: The Princes were surrounded by their partisans alone; they only saw the men of the old regime; they had nothing but words of feigned politeness for the authorities, which, for want of proper appointments, had not been changed. Their Royal Highnesses saw and learned nothing, for they looked through the eyes of men full of the passions of the past. The result was mistrust and discontent more strongly excited.'

After the extraordinary return of Napoleon from Elba, Macdonald was placed in command at Lyons, and did his best to resist the Imperial exile. He had resolved to lead in person a few daring men, and to fire on the little band which attended the Emperor. He insists-we believe he was wholly mistakenthat the enterprise might have succeeded: "It is a proof that my calculations were not irrational, that when I was at Bourges, after the army had submitted, the Grenadiers of the Island of Elba, soldiers, officers, nay the commandant himself, were all, being asked one after the other, unanimous in declaring that

they were enchanted at returning to France, but that had they met the least resistance, the least obstacle, nay, had a shot been fired, they would have thrown down their arms and asked for mercy!'

Authority, however, slipped from the Marshal's hands, and he was obliged to fly from Lyons in the universal revolt of the soldiery gathering around their unforgotten chief. On his return to Paris, he found the King still hopeful, owing to the pledges of Ney; and the unfortunate Marshal, it appears certain, uttered the celebrated words which were laid to his charge 'I have great confidence in Marshal Ney,' said the King; he has promised to arrest him, and to bring him in an iron cage.'

Macdonald entreated the King not to go to La Vendée, when the triumph of Napoleon had become certain; and urged Louis XVIII. to remain in France. He bade the monarch farewell on the frontier, for he did not choose to bear the odious name of émigré; his language was characteristic:'I have loyally done all that in me lay to support the authority of your Majesty, and to keep your Majesty in your dominions; you choose to leave them; I will conduct you in safety to the frontier, but I will not go further.'

The Marshal remained quiescent during the Hundred Days, and turned a deaf ear to Napoleon's overtures conveyed in flattering terms by Davoust:-'He said that he had been sent, on the part of the Emperor, to repeat the expression of his gratitude on account of my conduct in the last agony of the Empire, that he wished to thank me in person, and that he proposed a public or private interview, at my choice. I at once replied, that I had been true to his cause and his person to the last moment, that I had other engagements which I would fulfil with the same loyalty, and that Napoleon doubtless esteemed me enough not to flatter himself that he could lead me astray by allurements of wealth to this, a high office. I had formed a decided resolve which nothing could shake, and that it was useless to persist any further.'

Macdonald evidently was indignant with Ney, whose conduct had shocked Napoleon himself:- Our carriages were

facing each other, when a voice from his desired it to stop. "Go to Paris," he said; "you will be well received; the Emperor will give you a friendly welcome." "I shall dispense with his politeness," was my answer; "I will not see him, and I will not join his party."

The Marshal took no part in the Royalist movement which agitated Paris after Waterloo. The highest honours were properly bestowed on him at the second restoration of Louis XVIII.; he was made Chancellor of the Legion of Honour ; had the refusal of the Ministry of War; and was given the command of the still powerful army which had retreated behind the Loire. This was a delicate and most difficult trust: the soldiery were exasperated at their late defeat, and at what they rightly deemed the vile treason of Fouché; and the higher ranks swarmed with partisans of Napoleon, fearing for their lives, and detesting the Bourbons. Macdonald admirably fulfilled his mission, won the hearts of the troops, and restored discipline, and saved many officers from proscription and death. He tells us how he baffled the emissaries who had been sent by the Junta in Paris, to arrest and immolate some of the bravest men in France :-' At the close of the day Body Guards in disguise presented themselves to me. They had been furnished by the commandants of the gendarmerie with directions to obey the orders of these gentlemen, and to arrest, the persons named in the ordinances. I did not know how to find out those who had been threatened in order to give them warning. The Prince of Eckmühl had just left me. I called on him at once, and told him of what was on foot. "At once," I said, “give notice to every individual contained in these lists; send messengers to the cantonments; they will have eight or nine hours to escape." I do not know how it was accomplished, but they all got off well, even General Laborde, who had the gout.'

Unfortunate Ney might, it seems, have escaped; jealousy had been one of his motives for abandoning the King; and jealousy, perhaps, led to his cruel fate. In truth, he had not been himself since he had betrayed the Bourbons: this had been evident at Quatre Bras and Waterloo :

Unhappy Marshal Ney might have had this advantage, had he at once made use of the passports obtained by his wife from the leaders of the allied armies, She begged him on her knees not to lose a moment and to set off. He dryly replied, "Madame, you are thinking of getting rid of me!" The unfortunate widow told me herself this characteristic tale.'

Macdonald used all his influence, unfortunately in vain, to disabuse the Government of the false notion, that a conspiracy had been formed to bring Napoleon from Elba, and strove to moderate the frenzy of the vindictive Royalists. He freely declared his mind to the King:-'The conversation turned upon the existing position of affairs and on the causes which had produced it; reckless charges were made, that all parties, especially the army, had entered into a vast plot to overthrow the Royal Government and to restore Napoleon. I insisted, on the contrary, that the errors of the Ministers-I could speak boldly of these for they had been openly confessed in the proclamation from Cambray-the prodigalities, the iniquities, the abuses, the powers that had been wrongly conferred, the violation of the charter, the arrogance, the scorn shown by those in high places that all this, in a word, had exasperated the army and a part of the nation, and that a serious agitation would have been the result, even if Napoleon had not made his appearance.'

These Reminiscences' close at this point, and we shall not dwell on Macdonald's later years. The Marshal died, full of honours, in 1840, a few weeks before the remains of Napoleon were brought from St. Helena and restored to France. He was a most striking figure among the warriors of an extraordinary time, and it may be truly said of him that, in the Land of Bayard, the son of a Jacobite-Scottish gentleman was one of the very few soldiers who deserved the proud title 'sans peur et sans reproche' in his Revolutionary and troubled day.

WILLIAM O'CONOR MORIS.

ART. V.—THE RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES.

(1) The History of the Imperial University of Moscow, by S. Shevirev, Moscow, 1855. (Russian).

(2) The Imperial University of St. Petersburg, by V. V. Gregoreev. St. Petersburg, 1870. (Russian).

(3) History of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir. Edited by Professor M. F. Vladimirsky-Boudenov. Kiev, 1884. (Russian).

(4) General Statutes of the Imperial Russian Universities. Charkov, 1884. (Russian).

(5) Calendar for Students. Edited by Toubyansky. St. Petersburg, 1890. (Russian).

(6) Reports of the Imperial Universities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev, for 1889, 1890, 1891. (Russian).

(7) Die Reform der Russischen Universitäten nach dem Gesetz von 23rd August, 1884. (Anon.) Leipzig, 1886.

In the pistod of half, it is impossible not to be reviewing the history of the Russian Universities during

struck with the progress learning has made in Russia in spite of the serious hindrances which have been cast in its way by the Tzars and Russian government. The constant changes also to which the universities have from time to time been subjected, have materially interfered with their expansion. Russia one hundred and fifty years ago emerged from a state of comparative barbarism. Under Peter the Great the education of the empire was in the hands of officials. Most of the learned men were foreigners imported by the Emperor, or men of foreign extraction whose ancestors had travelled eastward in search of adventure and had ultimately settled down in Russia. The nobles despised literature and had few thoughts beyond their personal enjoyment. Von Vizin, the Russian satirist of the 18th century, draws a vivid picture of the society of his day in the 'Nedorosl' or 'Fop.' In that play he satirises his fellow countrymen for their indifference towards learning.