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the idea from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants,' gives us an insight into the innermost secrets of the life of plants.-Questions of political economy not appealing directly to any but German readers, are treated in Professor Cohn's Ueber den Haushalt des Deutschen Reiches.'-Finally, Lady Blennerhassett contributes an essay on Talleyrand's memoirs.-An excellent little sketch of Hamburg life, Capitän Feddersen's Kummer,' with which the June number opens, is followed by a reproduction of an address delivered in Tübingen. Its subject is, 'The Kinds and Degrees of Intelligence.'-In his paper on Colonial Policy and its Means,' Admiral Batsch does not pretend to discuss the question of colonization itself. He simply considers, from the point of view of a seaman, a number of things which he thinks should be borne in mind by those who believe colonial expansion to be useful and desirable.—The erection of a bust to Anastasius Grün is used by Herr Seuffert as a peg whereon to hang an interesting literary essay, in which he appreciatively reviews the poet's work. One of the most generally interesting contributions to the number is that in which Herr Kock gives a history of the horses and lions of Venice.-In his paper, 'Die Herabsetzung der Menschenverlüste im Kriege,' Professor Richter considers the various means by which, through careful tending of the wounded and through the adoption of sanitary precautions, the loss of life may be reduced in time of war.-Finally, in an article to which he gives the title Zur neusten Wallenstein-Literatur,' Herr Kluckhohn gives the substance of the latest historical researches on a subject to which Schiller's famous trilogy has helped to give. considerable interest-the question of Wallenstein's treasonable designs at the time of his death.

WESTERMANNS MONATS-HEFTE (April, May, June).—Very special artistic interest and value is given to the numbers for this quarter by a study for which they are indebted to Herr Cornelius Gurlitt. It is devoted to the pre-Raphaelite school, of which it traces the rise and development. It runs through all the numbers, of each of which it takes up a considerable part, and is not yet concluded. The profuseness and excellence of the illustrations deserve special notice, and really constitute an exceptionally striking feature. There are 46 engravings, giving_examples from Rosetti, Blake, Madox Brown, Watts, Sir Noel Paton, W. Dyce, Cave Thomas, Holman Hunt, Burne Jones, Arthur Hughes, Spencer Stanhope and Sir J. Millais.-As compared with former quarters, these numbers do not give special prominence to acticles of travel. Through Languedoc and Provence' runs through the first two parts, and fully makes up by the excel

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lence of both text and illustrations for any diminution in quantity -should anybody be disposed to find fault with it. The other paper is descriptive of Ravello, on the coast of Amalfi.-Light literature is represented by three instalments of a serial which promises to be exceptionally interesting, 'Jenseit des Wassers.' The author is Herr Jensen. In addition to this there are several minor contributions, 'Leben fur Leben,' by A. Fromm; Die Erlösung des Brahmanen,' by R. Garbe; Alte Leute,' by Luise Haidheim; Seine Muse,' by Feodor Helm; and 'Es ist eine alte geschichte,' by Arpad Imre.-Turning back to the first of these numbers, we have to notice a biographical sketch of Mirabeau. If it does not contain anything very new, it has the merit of making excellent use of the old material.-Two literary and critical essays, both in the third part, are well deserving of attention. One of them has for its subject Hoffman, the German Poe; the other deals with Le Sage. It is on the whole a very fair exposition and appreciative estimate of the works of the author of Gil Blas.'In addition to these contributions, there are, in the April part, a botanical paper, 'Die Ruheperioden der Pflanzen,' and an architectural article, descriptive of the building of the new House of Parliament in Berlin.-May has a very peculiar contribution in the shape of a treatise on Italian doorknockers; it also commences a series of American sketches, of which the first is devoted to the American woman.-' Social Condition' follows in the June number.

PREUSSISCHE JAHRBUCHER (May, June).-Both these numbers open with instalments of Mr. Marion Crawford's Zoroaster." Through both of them, also, a very interesting and instructive paper, by Herr Dr. Neumann runs. It is entitled Die Markuskirche in Venedig,' and is at once a description and a history of the basilica of St. Mark in Venice; it is based on Ongania's monumental work, 'La basilica di San Marco.'-Dr. Philippi contributes a paper of considerable value, of which the object is to show that the artisan gilds of the middle ages, of which it is customary to speak so disparagingly, really exercised great influence in the economic development of Germany.-Students of Goethe will be interested in the short paper which Herr Albert Bielschowsky heads 'Lili und Dorothea,' and in which he adduces additional and convincing proof that it was the adventures of Lili Goethe which suggested those of Dorothea in the celebrated poem. The same number contains a curious article in which Herr von Wulf sets forth the military tactics which made the Hussites such formidable enemies.-A very quaint but most entertaining production is Herr Kawerau's 'Lob und Schimpf

des Ehestandes in der Litteratur des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts,' a paper in which he brings together what the writers of the 15th century set down in praise or blame of marriage, and, indirectly, of women.-In 'Zur Pflege der deutschen sprache,' Herr Logander criticises a number of expressions which are now commonly used in German, and which he considers incorrect.

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RUSSIA.

ROOSKAHYAH MYSL-Russian Opinion (March, April and May). The Literary Remains of Kavelin' (1847 to 1884), prefaced and annotated by D. A. Korsakoff, are still continued. Yad,' a Norwegian romance, by Alexander Killand, translated by E. R., is brought to a close in six remaining chapters.— The Name Day,' a short religious tale, by O. Zabyty, is given complete.-Poetry' is represented by A. Nezvahnoff, V. L. Velichko, A. M. Fedoroff, L. M. Medveydoff, and L. I. Palmin. -The Disciples of Garrick,' an historical romance, from the French of Augustus Filon, translated by V. M. Remezoff, is completed in eight remaining chapters.-Lyouboff,' a lengthy romance by I. N. Potapenko, is continued to the fifth chapter of part ii.-Seven further Letters from Africa,' by Henry Senkevich, translated from the Polish by V. M. L., completes the series, twenty-three in all.- A New Work of Herbert Spencer' is a review of the fourth part of Mr. Spencer's work on Ethics, entitled Justice. At least this is what the reader can alone learn from the able paper of L. E. Obolenski, as Russian reviewers do not, as a rule, give in extenso, with publisher's name, date, etc., the title of their author's works. This is, as we think, to detract considerably from the value of a review, since it adds to the difficulty of the reader who may desire to confirm or correct what is written concerning the work.-'Europe and Revolution' is a review of the third volume of Albert Sorel's work with the above title, devoted to La Guerre aux Rois, 1792-3, by Zh. L.-'The Founders (Rodonachalniki, or Family Stock) of English Radicalism,' by M. M. Kovalefski, is brought to a close. A few Years in the Country' is a lively tale of domestic life, by N. Garin, of which we have the first seven chapters only.-Locke' is a review of Thomas Fowler's work on our great Somersetshire philosopher, but as before regretted, no clue is given to the date, publication, or edition of the work reviewed. A Memorial of Emile de-Lavelle,' who died on 23rd of November last, is written by A. A. Isaeff. Foreign Review,' by V. A. Goltseff, contains notices of a pretty quarrel between the reviewer and Mr. Ilovaiski of the Moscow Gazette, on their differing views of the policy of foreign countries,

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notably France, the United States of America, and of Persia, whose recent tariff changes are freely criticised; of the Greek ministerial crisis; the anarchist scare; Mr. Chamberlain and his anti-Gladstonianism; Lord Salisbury and his out-spoken utterances; Belgian, Italian, German, and Papal affairs, etc.'Scientific Views' contain papers on 'Immediate (Neotlozhnost) Scientific working of Rural Economical Knowledge in Russia,' by V. D. Sokoloff; Nutrition of the Famine-stricken,' by F. F. Erisman; and Social Predictions,' by L. E. Obolenski.'Home Review' contains, as per title, notices of the chief current affairs in Russia.- Contemporary Art,' as usual, is devoted to Moscow theatrical reports. Two more articles on 'Literature and Life' are furnished by N. K. Michaelofski.— The 'Bibliographic Division' contains notices of 95 works, two only of which are from the English, (1) The Working-class Movement in America, by Aveling; (2) An Introduction to Political Economy, by Professor Ely. Both are American publications. We have frequently dissected this Bibliographic Division,' but for space-saving reasons have lately ceased to do

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Our readers will remember how the list of items in the 'Division' always closed with Periodicals. But we never mentioned how liberally the Russian editors of rival works treat each other, excepting once, in April 1890, when we quoted our present Rooskahyah Mysl's epithet applied to the Vestnik Evropy of The Prince of Journals.' We venture now on another tribute of congratulation, by stating that in the present numbers under notice the Rooski Vestnik for January and February is honoured with a notice of upwards of ten pages of fifty-three lines each, and the Vestnik Evropy for February and March with nearly eight pages of the same solid matter. A novel by E. P. Karpoff entitled 'Nah Pakhotey,' a tale of rural life, is commenced and carried on to the twentythird chapter.-Roza and Nineta,' a contemporary romance by Alphonse Daudet, is translated from the French by M. N. Remezoff, and given complete.-'Protectionism and Rural Economy' is a political paper of much interest, by V. V. Biryoukovich."A New Investigation of the Reforms of Peter the Great' is a review of P. N. Milyoukoff's work on this subject, by V. A. G.A. S. (not A. C. as in our last) Okolski's Reform of the English Universities in the Nineteenth Century' is brought to a close. -Marie Konopnitski' is an outline of contemporary Polish literature, by V. Myahkotin.—‘A Memorial of Yan Amos Komenski' is a tercentenary tribute, by V. A. Goltseff, to a national literary worthy who was born in 1592.-An article based on the journal, letters, and romance entitled Artistka, of the celebrated Marie Bashkirtseff, is furnished by M. A.

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Protopopoff, under A Mart of Female Vanity.'-Another Norwegian romance by Alexander Killand, entitled Fortuna,' translated also by E. R., is commenced and carried on to chapter v.-A posthumous tale by Ernest Algren, entitled ‘In Darkness,' is translated (it is not said from what language) and given complete by V. M. S., the charming translator of Mr. Marion Crawford's English novels.-The Brightening of the Haze of Youth,' a short tale by V. S. Solovieff, is given complete. The Armenian Question in Turkey' is part of an important contribution to current foreign politics, by D. G. A.A review of Mrs. Oliphant's Sheridan,' taking note also of Thomas Moore's and Professor Sanders's Memoirs and Life, respectively of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, is furnished by A. B. P.

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VOPROSI PHILOSOPHII I PSYCHOLOGII (Questions Philosophical and Psychological) opens its eleventh number with the continuation of M. Tchicherin's articles on The Positive Philosophy and the Unity of Science.' In the last paper we gave the summary of, he was occupied with perhaps the most satisfactory part of the so-called Positive Philosophy, viz., the Mathematical part. In that Comte was to a large extent dealing with subjectmatter, with which he had a considerable acquaintance, although even here his leading disciples, such as M. Littre and John Stuart Mill, have not fallen in with all his views, e.g. in the identification of Logic and Mathematics. M. Tchicherin's present paper extends to 48 royal octavo pages. Yet even this length can scarcely be considered excessive when it is remembered that Comte has given three thick octavo volumes to the outlines of physique sociale. According to his view, Social Science is concerned with all matters having to do with man. Thus the structure of human society, the laws of its development, the history of religion and philosophy, the development of the arts and sciences, all have found a place here. Philosophy might have been added, but has not. The personal properties and peculiarities of humanity find their place not in Sociology but in Biology. In dealing with Sociology, Comte did not follow the usual course of positive science. This begins by expounding the parts, or each single science, and then uniting them by a common method. But Comte does not follow this course in the study of Sociology. He adopts the method of treating the science as a whole, passing over the sectional parts of which it is made up. He seems to consider this to be in some sort a speciality of sociological method! It is clear, however, as M. Tchicherin points out, that this mode of proceeding is identical with the much reprobated metaphysical' method. Theoretically one proceeds from the whole to the parts,