have written. When dealing with Origen he is equally impartial, and while approving all that is good in the Reply, and no one knows better than he does how much that is, he points out the defects with which it is marred. As to the date of the Reply, Mr. Patrick suggests the year 248, when Origen was more than sixty years of age; and by a series of cogent arguments he is able to fix the date of the appearance of the True Word at the year 176. The greater part of the work is, of course, taken up with the analyses of the two works with which it deals; but the chapter on the 'Culture of Celsus,' and the various introductory and other remarks scattered throughout the pages of the volume, are additions which bear witness to more than ordinary scholarship, and will be read with interest. The analyses themselves are done with rare ability, and the work is one that ought to find a place in every theological library.

The Spirit of Modern Philosophy: An Essay in the form of Lectures. By JOSIAH ROYCE, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Philosophy in Harvard University. 2nd Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.

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If we mistake not Dr. Royce was first made known on this side of the Atlantic by the publication a few years ago of his volume entitled The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, in which with considerable acuteness and insight he treated of the philosophical bases of conduct and faith. Since then he has turned aside to other work of a different kind; but here he returns to his original line of study and with increased vigour. The lectures before us are called an essay we presume, because they are all bound together by a purpose which rounds them off into a unity. They are in all thirteen, and are divided into two series; the first dealing with thinkers and problems, and the other, which consists of four lectures, with what Dr. Royce calls suggestions of doctrine.' The lectures in the first series are historical. In these Dr. Royce expounds the doctrines of modern philosophy beginning with Spinoza, whose attitude towards the great problems of existence he ingeniously compares with that of Thomas à Kempis in the Imitation of Christ, and ending with Mr. Herbert Spencer, or more properly with the doctrine of evolution. His aim, however, is not to tabulate the doctrines of each of the philosophers of the period. Many of them he passes over, and some of the greatest he merely mentions. For instance, the doctrines of Descartes, Malebranche and Leibnitz, are not so much as ennumerated. Dr. Royce's plan is to take out the leading figures, those who set out some great truth and gave it a prominence which it had not before, and then, besides expounding it, to trace its history or to show its 'linkages.' The names he selects in addition to Spinoza, are, as might be expected, Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Schopenhauer, and between his lectures on Fichte and Hegel he has intercalated, one on the Romantic school. According to his view, the doctrines taught by these illustrate the development of modern Philosophy as it has found itself in its three great periods. The first of these he describes as 'naturalism, pure and simple, and assigns it to the seventeenth century with Spinoza as its leading representative on the continent, and Hobbes in England. Of the second period, which originated with Locke, the chief representative is Kant. The philosophy of this period is regarded by Dr. Royce as a sort of new humanism.' The third period is as yet incomplete. Its origin was contemporaneous with the French Revolution, and has for its distinguishing feature the doctrine of evolution. The problem which it is attempted to solve in the second series of the lectures is, what is the fundamental postulate of Philosophy? The answer which Dr. Royce gives

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is closely akin to that given by Hegel. It is the real Self, 'Logos, problemsolver, all-knower.' 'The world,' he remarks, is such stuff as ideas are made of. Thought possesses all things. But the world is not unreal. It extends infinitely beyond our private consciousness, because it is the world of an universal mind. What facts it is to contain only experience can inform us. There is no magic that can anticipate the work of science. Absolutely the only thing sure from the first about this world, however, is that it is intelligent, rational, orderly, essentially comprehensible, so that all its problems are somewhere solved, all its darkest mysteries are known to the supreme Self. The Self infinitely and reflectively transcends our consciousness, and, therefore, since it includes us, it is at the very least a person, and more definitely conscious than we are; for what it possesses is self-reflecting knowledge, and what is knowledge aware of itself, but consciousness. Beyond the seeming wreck and chaos of our finite problems, its eternal insight dwells, therefore, in absolute and supreme majesty. Yet it is not far from every one of us. There is not the least or most transient thought that flits through a child's mind, or that troubles with the faintest line of care a maiden's face, that does not contain and embody something of this divine Logos.' This is but one of many eloquent passages scattered through Dr. Royce's pages. His style is remarkably free, while his skill as an expositor is eminently fair and lucid. The lectures may be read with pleasure by all. Dr. Royce is so well acquainted with the doctrines he deals with, and has so thoroughly mastered them in their various relations that the student of philosophy, whether he agrees with the criticisms and remarks in which Dr. Royce freely indulges or not, may learn much from the pages of these eloquent and richly suggestive lectures. They are inspired throughout by the best spirit of these modern days.

Social Statics Abridged and Revised: Together with The Man versus The State. By HERBERT SPENCER. Fourth thousand and twelfth thousand respectively. London and Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate. 1892.

Forty years have elapsed since the first of the above named treatises was originally published. Since then the opinions of its author on many points discussed in its pages have undergone considerable change. Hence the work is now issued, not as it originally appeared, but in a revised and abridged form. The fundamental idea is the same, though one of the bases assigned for it has been given up by the author. The alterations are in the deductions made from the first principle, and in some of its applications. For the purely systematic part, Part IV. of The Principles of Ethics: Justice has been substituted, and to that volume the reader is constantly referred. The changes are very considerable. Sections, paragraphs and sentences have been remorselessly cut out, and the work has shrunk to about half its original size. As an illustration of the change which has come over the author's opinion may be instanced, the chapter on the Evanescence of Evil. In the first edition the disappearance of evil is regarded as a necessity, and most readers will remember the concluding paragraph of the chapter in which it is dwelt upon with almost prophetic earnestness- -a paragraph which appears also in First Principles. The chapter is still retained with certain omissions, but a note is added to the effect that though the evanescence of evil will ultimately take place, its consummation can be reached only in an infinite time, and the revised heading of the chapter is The Evanescence [? Diminution] of Evil.' Students of the Synthetic Philosophy, however, who are not in possession of

the original edition, will hail the issue of the work in its present form with pleasure. There is much in it which is not to be found elsewhere in Mr. Spencer's now voluminous writings, and which is well worth careful attention. Some recent experiences have shewn the accuracy of a number of his previsions. The treatise here bound up with the revised version of Social Statics remains as hitherto, with the exception of an important illustration, a small correction of fact, and various verbal improvements. Lancaster and York: A Century of English History (A.D. 1399-1485). By SIR JAMES H. RAMSAY of Bamff, Bart., M.A., etc. 2 vols. Maps and Illustrations. Oxford:

at the Clarendon Press. 1892.

It is not often that the fifth act of a drama is published first, nor that the final volumes of an extensive work are issued before the rest. That, however, is what has happened in respect to the volumes before us. They are the last of a work on which Sir James Ramsay has been engaged for the past twenty-one years. The aim of the work is to supply a verified connected narrative of the first 1500 years of English history. Of the success of the experiment as a whole it is too early to speak. It may be said, however, that an experiment on so large a scale and with so commendable an aim deserves to succeed, and that if thoroughly worked out, it can scarcely fail to be of very great assistance to the student of history. Objection may be taken that it does not always shew the opinion of the original authorities. That, however, as we understand it, is not the intention. It is rather to indicate the original sources for the purpose of enabling the student to follow up any particular line of investigation for himself. Save him the trouble of personal research it will not, but it will conduce to the saving of his time and probably of his temper. The period covered by the two volumes before us is at once important and difficult to manage. Sir James Ramsay has dealt with its conflicting interests in the spirit of fairness, and has arranged his materials in a methodical and lucid way. The lines he has attempted to fill out or to indicate are as wide and manifold as those of the life of a great nation. While devoting considerable attention to military matters, he has treated others with not less care. Foreign policy, the history of the constitution, finance, domestic policy, social and commercial and industrial affairs, art, literature, and religion, all come within his purview, and by giving specific references to the original authorities, he has laid the foundation upon which specialist and others coming after him may build. Scottish affairs also, when they come in contact with English history, are very closely attended to. The references here are as full as may be. Altogether the two volumes give very considerable promise, and awaken one's interest. Every care seems to have been taken to insure the accuracy of the references, and the notes are very frequently of equal importance with the text.

Letters of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Collected and Edited by GEORGE BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L. 2 vols. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 1892.

Next to his very admirable edition of Boswell, students of Johnson will regard the letters which Dr. Birkbeck Hill has here brought together as the most important publication which has seen the light for a long time, perhaps since Boswell first gave his incomparable volumes to the world. They are edited in the same way as the Life, and, full as that work is, form an indispensable companion to it. Johnson's correspondence was much more

extensive than is, perhaps, generally known. He wrote unwillingly, and with more difficulty, he used to imagine, than some other people who wrote nothing but letters; yet his letters to Mrs. Thrale alone number more than three hundred. Dr. Hill does not suppose that he has succeeded in making a complete collection of all the letters he wrote or even of those which are in existence; but he has managed to collect, not counting the three hundred and forty or so included by Boswell in the Life, some six hundred and seventy more. Some of them have of course already appeared in various publications, as for instance, in the two volumes of correspondence published by Mrs. Piozzi in 1788, in the editions of the Life by Malone and Croker, and in Notes and Queries. In these and in the Miscellanies of the Philobiblon Society, indeed the greater number of them, has appeared, but counting the fifteen first given in his edition of the Life, Dr. Birkbeck Hill has been enabled to enrich his collection with no fewer than between ninety and a hundred new letters. This is no small gain, and apart from the advantage of having the letters separate from the Life, is the most striking and valuable feature of the volumes. In addition to the letters of which he has been able to find either printed or unprinted, Dr. Hill has given notes of a number of which he has found indications in catalogues, but has been unable to trace to their present owners or beyond the places where he has found them mentioned or the names of their purchasers and the sums paid for them. It is to be hoped that if they are still in existence, his notes will lead at least to their discovery, if not eventually to their publication. The gem of Dr. Birkbeck Hill's collection is a letter from Johnson to his wife, the only one known to exist. It has been admirably reproduced in facsimile, and the public is indebted for its publication to the liberality of Mr. W. R. Smith of Greatham Moor, West Liss, Hampshire, a descendant of the Rev. George Strahan, to whose vicarage at Islington Johnson in the last years of his life occasionally went for the benefit of good air. In this letter, full of tenderness, the fond and youthful husband,' as Dr. Hill observes, 'addresses his wife, who was but four days short of fifty-one, as 'my dear girl," my charming love, and as 66 the most amiable woman in the world."" She was twenty years older than Johnson, 'and no doubt,' as Dr. Hill further observes, 'deserved some of the ridicule which Lord Macaulay has so lavishly cast upon her,' but not it all. He is perhaps not far wrong, when he conjectures that if she had belonged to a different class the great Whig historian would probably have painted her in very different colours. As it is almost needless to say, the letters, besides being extremely varied in their character, are full of fine and weighty passages treating of the greatest of all arts, the art of living. Frequently also they are playful, light, and amusing. As for the editing of them, having said that they are edited in the same way as their editor's edition of the Life, we have said all that need be said. It is to be hoped that we shall soon see the work on which he has spent so much skill and patience completed by the issue of his new edition of Johnson's Lives of the Poets.

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James Gilmour of Mongolia: His Diaries, Letters and Reports. Edited and Arranged by RICHARD LOVETT, M.A., Portraits, Maps, and Illustrations. London: Religious Tract Society.

Mr. Gilmour became known to the world by the publication of his little book on the Mongols, about ten years ago. It attracted considerable attention, and has passed through several editions. He was one of that somewhat numerous band, among whom have been such men as Moffat

and Livingstone, whom Scotland has sent out to the mission field. His death, from typhus fever, on May 21, last year, cut short a useful and in many respects brilliant career. Born in the parish of Carmunnock, about five miles from Glasgow, iu 1843, he was educated at the neighbouring university, and removed thence in 1878 to Cheshunt College, and in the following year entered the missionary seminary at Highgate where he received his training for his future labour. He set foot in Pekin, May 18, 1870, and by the end of July in the same year had reached a fixed resolution to go to Mongolia, as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made, for the purpose of disseminating the knowledge of the Gospel. His adventures in that vast and little known country have been told by himself in the volume referred to above. Here Mr. Lovett confines himself to supplementing what is there told from Mr. Gilmour's diaries and letters, and to giving an account of his inner and private life. This he has done with praiseworthy skill. The narrative he has written is not without its incidents of more than ordinary interest, while the life it discloses is one of extreme beauty, by reason of its utter devotedness amidst many and great difficulties and discouragements to a sacred cause. Mr. Gilmour made no great geographical discoveries, but as a missionary he deserves to rank with the noblest Scotland has produced.

Julius Caesar and the Foundation of the Roman Imperial System. By W. WARDE FOWLER, M.A. New York & London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.

Within the limits at his command, Mr. Fowler has here tried to explain to those who are unfamiliar with classical antiquity, the place which Cæsar occupies in the history of the world. What he claims for him is not that he was the founder of the Roman Empire, and still less that he was the organiser of it, but that he laid the foundation of the system which was subsequently organised and developed by Augustus. That system, he points out was partly the result of pre-existing tendencies, and partly due to the will and intellect of Julius Cæsar, and hence along with the biography of Cæsar we have a constant reference to the tendencies of his age. Mr. Warde Fowler has of course drawn largely from Cæsar's own writing, and from those of Cicero. What has been said by later authorities he has for the most part passed over preferring to found his narrative as far as possible on contemporary evidence. Limitations of space have also compelled him to pass over many points of controversy, and numerous details both in connection with Roman constitutional law and the geography of the Gallic and Civil Wars. The book in fact is essentially of a popular character. At the same time it is none the less a piece of scholarly and skilful writing, full of accurate information and bearing every evidence of being the work of a master hand. The volume is freely illustrated. The representations of Cesar are numerous and somewhat confusing. If the bust in the British Museum is genuine, some of them are certainly not, still it is well to have them.

The Land-Systems of British India: Being a Manual of the Land-Tenures and of the Systems of Land-Revenue Administration prevalent in the various Provinces. By B. H. BADENPOWELL, C.I.E., F.R.S.E., M.R.A.S., etc. etc. 3 vols. Maps. Oxford: at the Clarendon Press. 1892.

This is one of those books to which it is impossible to do justice within the limits at our disposal here. Though described as a manual, it extends