ART. X.-SUMMARIES OF FOREIGN REVIEWS.

GERMANY.

DEUTSCHE RUNDSCHAU (July, August, September).—Each of the numbers for this quarter opens with an instalment of 'Frauenrecht,' a new novel from the pen of Herr Karl Frenzel. The horrors of the great French Revolution form the background of the stirring story, whilst for his central figure, the author has chosen the famous wife of the learned Roland. A succession of striking scenes lead up to the well-known dénouement-her death on the scaffold.-Count Eckbrecht Dürckheim' is the title of an anonymous essay which sets forth the life and work of one who, from the German point of view, deserves the name here given him, of an Alsatian patriot. He was one of the first to accept German rule, and never ceased his efforts to reconcile his compatriots, with the new order of things.-A Friend of the East' contributes a long political article which he entitles 'The later Phases of Turkish Policy.' The paper, which is remarkable for its high literary merit as well as for its valuable matter, deals with the revolution which has taken place in both the home and the foreign policy of the Turkish Empire since the accession of Sultan Abdul Hamid. The sketches given not only of the Sultan himself, but also of his ministers and ex-ministers, are particularly interesting. Information of considerable importance is also communicated with regard to the pan-Islamite agitation. The essay may be looked upon as a weighty contribution to the history of European civilization.-Herr Otto Brahms has done good service by the able manner in which he has edited, under the title Roman Letters of Karl Stauffer-Bern,' the letters written by the artist during the years 1888 and 1889. The article brings a striking personality very vividly before the reader, and enlists his sympathies for the victim of an untimely and tragic death. Under the heading Goethe's Vorahnungen Kommender naturwissenschaftlicher Ideen,' there is a reproduction of the address delivered by Professor von Helmholtz before a meeting of the Goethe society, in Weimar. The well-known savant indicates the extent and value of Goethe's researches in the domain of science.-The August number contains another Goethe article, in the shape of an essay by Herr Reinhold Steig, who has chosen for his subject the poet's well-known friend Bettina, the sister of Clemens Brentano, and wife of Achin von Arnim. A number of original letters add considerably to the value of a

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most interesting paper.-Two papers, the one philosophical, the other scientific, are contributed by Professor Dilthey and Professor Dohrn. The former takes for his subject the three epochs of modern æsthetics and their present problem; the latter sketches a history of the organisation of the zoological station at Naples.-The Talleyrand anecdotes supply Lady Blennerhassett with matter for an interesting paper, and Herr F. Gustav Jansen writes pleasantly and interestingly about Chopin.-In addition to conclusions of various contributions begun in former numbers, the September part contains an account, by Herr Lenz, of the results achieved by the German historical institute in Rome, and a scientific paper entitled, 'Ueber Wechselwirkungen im lebendigen Organismus,'-An account of the celebration of the Jubilee of Dublin University is given by Herr Strasburger.

WESTERMANN'S MONATS-HEFTE (July, August, September). -In the three numbers for this quarter light literature figures very conspicuously, and claims a large proportion of space. There is, in the first place, the conclusion of Wilhelm Jensen's novel: Jenseits des Wassers.' A sketch of student life, 'Auf der Mensur,' runs through two numbers; and 'Die neue Bonne,' a novelette by Berger, is complete in the July part. Herr Hieronymus Lorm contributes Gräfin Walfron,' a story in two parts, to the August and September numbers, in which are further two novelettes, 'Der Wille, zur Illusion,' and 'Ein Abend bei Excellenz Laura.' Finally, Herr Eugen Zabel begins a Berlin sketch, Auf dem Kutschbock.'-The descriptive papers which usually bulk so largely in this magazine are less numerous than usual, though their quality, both as regards text and illustrations, is fully up to the high standard of former quarters. An excellent account of the South-sea islands is accompanied by no less than 20 sketches. A description and history of Oranienburg brings with it a series of portraits of the now imperial, but formerly, only electoral house. Finally, Herr Stern, takes the reader to Stockholm, and proves himself a most entertaining guide. Going back to the July number, we find a sketch, with portrait, of Goethe's mother.-A short, but instructive astronomical paper by Herr Ehrlich, has the planet Venus for its subject.— Criminality amongst women is dealt with in a most instructive paper by Herr Fald, who does not take a very flattering view of the fair sex. He holds, and statistics appear to bear him out, that women have no higher morality than men; that if there are fewer criminals amongst them, it is merely owing to circumstances; that the nearer their position approaches that of men, the

greater their criminality; and, finally, that when once they have begun a career of crime, they go faster and further than men. An article of special interest for military readers is contributed by an old officer on the General Staff. It gives a detailed account of the operations before Metz. It is accompanied by two maps, and a remarkably good portrait of Prince Frederick Charles. The same number has two interesting archæological papers-one on ancient portraiture, the other on the oldest herbarium in the world.--In the third number two excellent biographical essays appear. The first of them, which is by Herr Hermann Meissner, is devoted to the artist Max Liebermann, and is accompanied with a portrait of him, as well as with eight illustrations from his works. Mr. Marion Crawford is the subject of the other.

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PREUSSISCHE JAHRBÜCHER (July, August, September).—A further instalment of Mr. Marion Crawford's Zoroaster,' is in the July number, followed by a paper in which the disadvantages of having a different time in each country are set forth, and a scheme for securing unity in this matter is put forward.—The two next contributions are of more limited interest. One deals with the question of testing apprentices; the other is headed, 'How should we build our Evangelical Churches?'-An article of great erudition is that by Herr Jäger. It is an attempt to determine the character of Alexander, not as a leader and a conqueror, but as a monarch. It is entitled 'Alexander der Grosse als Regent.'-Amongst other very solid matter, August brings a long review of Pfleiderer's history of Protestant Theology. It is an able piece of work; but, so far as the English reader is concerned, omits dealing with the most interesting part of the work-that in which the author deals with English theology and philosophy.-A very interesting and suggestive paper, and one of considerable value for the understanding of Schiller's dramatic works is contributed by Herr Ribbeck. It bears the title 'Schiller and the Idea of Fate,' and shows, how, in most of his productions, the poet has made the hero's destiny depend less on himself and his own actions, than on the force of circumstances.-Friedrich des Grosse als Morallehrer' is a paper written in all probability by a Prussian, and certainly for Prussians. It does not possess any very great interest for others. The Battle of the Eise,' goes back to the middle of the 13th century. It is the account of an encounter between Germany and Russia.-The table of contents for September has one item of special interest for English readers, although, in substance, it will not be quite new to some of them. It is based on the so-called Derby Accounts, discovered by Pauli, and

showing the expenses incurred by the Duke of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV., on his journey through Germany, after his banishment from England. The Beginning of the Modern Novel' is less interesting than its title indicates. It is not much more than an account of the old romances of the Middle Age:. -Another contribution which deserves to be pointed out is Herr Thimme's essay, The Connection between Religion and Art amongst the Greeks.'

THEOLOGISCHE STUDIEN UND KRITIKEN. Viertes Heft. 1892. Dr. Carl Clemen has the first place here with the continuation of his survey of the Present Position of Religious Thought in Great Britain.' It was begun in last number, and in that first part he sketched the rise and progress of the Evangelical Revival, that breathed such life into all the Churches in the earlier decades of this century, and directed their awakened enthusiasm into channels of practical benevolence. Then he described the origin and influence of what is known as the Oxford Movement. Here he deals with the rise of the Broad Church, and the trend of religious thought resulting from the writings of its most distinguished leaders. Next he passes under review the effects on our doctrinal standpoint of the invasion of the Higher Criticism. The second part of his article is headed 'Anti-religious Polemics,' and here he glances at the changes which have come over the thoughts of most of our theologians regarding almost all the traditional dogmas of the Church, through the teachings of modern science, and the philosophical speculations of most recent times. In the third and last part of his article he deals with the various efforts made to adjust the cardinal doctrines of Christianity to suit our altered modes of conception. This part is headed 'Philosophic Apologetics.' Dr. Clemen's object is to show his countrymen the secret, so to speak, of our theological and religious differences, to trace them to their sources and mark out their mutual influence. He hopes in this way to lead his readers to take a more intelligent interest in our religious life and derive practical benefit from their study of us. The article will be read with pleasure and profit amongst ourselves. It is a fair, temperate, and kindly criticism of us, and is written in a spirit of sympathy with the intellectual life out of which all our differences have arisen.-The second article in this number is by Herr Pfarrer Karl Marti, and is the second of Two Studies on Zechariah.' The first was on the 'Satan' of Chap. III. This one is an exegetical study of Chap. vi., 9-15. It is confessedly a difficult passage, and has taxed the ingenuity of all interpreters. It is chiefly, however, with the textual problems that Herr Marti

concerns himself here. The suggestions made by critics are carefully examined, and their defects are noted. And after a very painstaking review of the conditions to be satisfied, he offers the following reading of the verses as furnishing what he thinks the original sense of the passage. The word of Jahve came unto me, saying: Take of the gifts of the captivity which were brought by Heldai from Tobijah and Jedaiah, and come thou on the same day, and go into the house of Josiah, the son of Zephaniah, who has come from Babylon. There take silver and gold and prepare crowns and place them on the head of Zerubbabel, and the head of Joshua, the son of Jozadak, and speak unto them, saying, Thus hath Jahve Zebaioth spoken, Behold there a man, Branch is his name, and under him will it sprout; he will build the temple of Jahve. He will build the temple of Jahve, and bear royal honour and sit and reign in his throne, and there will be a priest at his right hand, and a peaceful understanding shall be between them,' etc.-Dr. Bratke contributes an interesting paper on the controversy as to the year of our Lord's death. Of the shorter papers may be mentioned the one on 1st Corinthians, iv., 2, which is also an attempt to make clear an obscure passage of Scripture. The only volume reviewed is Sulze's 'Die Evangelische Gemeinde.'

RUSSIA.

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VOPROSI PHILOSOPHII I PSYCHOLOGII (Questions Philosophical and Psychological.)—The thirteenth number begins with the concluding article by M. B. Tchichérin of his lengthened series on the Positive Philosophy and the Unity of Science. The present number occupies itself more especially with the Unity of Science. Comte seems to have contemplated in closing his researches as to the foundation of the sciences by his work on social physics the unification of all the sciences relating to man. a unification, he writes, is impossible until the moral sphere is brought under the same principle and point of view as the physical. He then occupies himself with the question as to which of the scientific hierarchy occupies the foremost place? Something is to be said for mathematics from their simplicity and generality as to their forming a unifying element. But this advantage only belongs to the earlier studies in the sciences, which the further they advance, escape more and more from mathematical determination. And the further we advance, this very elementary character renders them by its incomplexity less suited to the point of view constituting the very essence of the Positive Philosophy. The concluding science of Sociology is free from this defect or