development of the 'Natural Sciences,' with special reference to the Science of Biology in the 19th century.-Freiher von Beaulieu Marconnay furnishes a timely and informing article on the development of the German navy, and marine power generally.-Max Lenx continues in all the three numbers his series of articles on the Great Powers, 'Die grossen Machte,' subtitled Ein Ruckblick auf unser Jahrhundert.'-In the March number Baron v. d. Goltz writes on Seemacht und Landkrieg,' showing from history the great advantage which a large a well-equipped fleet gives to the Power possessing it over another Power possessing greater military strength and resources. The purpose of the article is to support the recent proposals to increase considerably the German Navy.-General von Goeben's Letzte Reise nach Spanien (1878)' is the subject of a short paper by Gebhard Zernin. Fiction is represented in this number by Ein Erlebniss,' by Ilse Frapan, in addition to A. Meinhardt's 'Ein Kopf von Hellen.'-(April)-The article in this number which is likely to first attract the attention of the English reader, is that by Herr Felix Salomon, 'Die Englische-Afrika Politik.' It is a historical summary and critical analysis of the events leading up to Great Britain's position in South Africa, and her interrelations with, and her interference in, the affairs of the Boer Republics. It presents the facts, however, from a severely German point of view; and the article reveals the spirit that seems to dominate not merely political, but even literary circles in the Fatherland towards this country. Great Britain is, consequently, in fault for all the ill-feelings cherished towards her by the Boers; and our author expresses the hope that Mr. Gladstone's wire, after Majuba, may yet again be repeated, 'We have done injustice to the Boers. Let us conclude peace with them.' —'Gestalten des dichters,' by F. Spielhagen, deals with the characters of poetic creation-the Dramatis Persona of the poet's genius, and discusses their relations to his personal experiences and to his imaginative faculty.-An article specially interesting to Germans in relation to their recent Chinese acquisitions is furnished by Herr W. Grube, 'Der Confucianismies und das Chinesenthum. Shantung is the province in which Confucius was born, and in which he is still very specially honoured. Its life to-day is permeated and coloured with his spirit and teaching, and can only be thoroughly understood and appreciated when looked at in their light. It is to help his fellow-countrymen, in their new relations with that province, towards such knowledge that Herr Grube has written this paper.-Herr Franz Xaver Krauss, in fulfilment of an old pro

mise to the readers of this Rundschau, gives here the first of a series of monographs on the friends of his youth and earlier years, the subject of this one being Antonio Stoppani, the distinguished Lombard Naturalist. The other articles in this number are Werther's Grab,' an Erzähbeng,' by Isolde Kurz: and Conrad Ferd, Meyer's Dichterleben-a review of the articles which have been appearing in these pages from the pen of Adolf Frey. The review is by Herman Grimm.-The usual Rundschauen, political and literary, book reviews and notices, occupy a considerable portion of each number.

RUSSIA.

THE RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW (Voprosi, Philosophii i Psychologii, No. 49), opens with a paper containing Mons. B. N. Tchichérin's Philosophy of Right,' Book III., chap. i., on Moral Law and Freedom.' One question discussed here is-Does morality exist apart from religion? To this question the author replies it is impossible to answer otherwise than affirmatively. In the second chapter is discussed, 'Instinct and Conscience;' while the third chapter begins by referring to the ancients as passing many judgments about Virtue-what it was and wherein it consists. The father of Moral PhilosophySocrates-admitting in reason the source of moral conceptions, recognised that virtue consists in knowledge. He affirmed that no one does evil voluntarily, knowing it to be evil. Everybody seeks his own good and makes mistakes only in the accuracy of his estimate. In order to make people virtuous it is only necessary to explain to them that which is their present good. But against this Aristotle objects that something more than knowledge is necessary; to have also a correct direction of the will by which practice or usage is gained. In this way virtue is accompanied by knowledge, but it does not consist in knowledge alone. This last view is correct. In the fourth chapter M. In the fourth chapter M. Tchichérin passes on to that which he almost seems to despair of the moral Ideal of Humanity!-On this article succeeds a paper by Vassilieff on the views of Auguste Comte on the Philosophy of Mathematics. He tells us that Comte, from his earliest years to the last dreams of his old age, held on to the one idea-the renewal of new grounds for that intellectual unity which bound humanity to the middle ages, when in Western Europe there w ly one spiritual power-the power of the Catholic Chu have in the next paper one on Bacor cance, in which the author goes into a of the Novum Organum and its coustit

We

that Bacon, from his previous life and training, had a large experience, of which he made use, as also from his subsequent engagements of an official kind. The Advancement of Learning is also referred to. The author of the paper, M. N. Ivantzoff postpones its conclusion.-The next paper is on the question as to the Real Unity of Consciousness. The author refers to papers previously issued on the substantiality of the Spirit and two-fold nature of man, and remarks that researches of this kind are not likely to be popular. He then proceeds to speak of the proscription of certain studies that do not fall in with the popular tendency, a weakness which we have more reason to deplore in British latitudes. He refers to the prejudice against views of a dualistic and spiritualistic character. The author, M. Lopatinethe Editor of the Journal-connects this with the monistic and other theories of an uncommon character, not always welcome. He refers to the authors of certain Phenomenist Studies. The Unity of Consciousness, he maintains, is grounded on experience generally, but the ground is only psychological-This is followed by a lengthened paper on the great novelist, Turgenef, as a Psychopathologue. This is followed by the usual reviews of books and Bibliography.

ITALY.

NUOVA ANTOLOGIA.-(January 1.)-The new year commences with verses by the well-known poet, Mario Rapisardi, Dopo la Vittoria,' further embellished by the portrait of the author, who looks Byronic and picturesque, with slouched hat, folded arms, and defiant mien.-A piece of modern history follows in Sulla via di Roma,' from unedited documents, the collector of which is not named.-Professor G. Mazzone writes of Leonardo da Vinci as a writer, pointing out the way in which, fragmentary as his writings are, they reveal the gigantic mind of the writer, and, in conclusion, Professor Mazzone alludes to Leonardo's great predecessor, Leon Battista Alberti, who was likewise a universal genius, but one of whom only a few elect spirits have recognised the greatness. A review of the Duke of Abruzzi's expedition to Alaska in 1897 is contributed by Signora Gropallo under the title of 'L'Alpinismo e la spedizione al Monte Elia.-U. Flores dedicates some pages to the memory of the late Albert Pasini; and the political situation is reviewed by A. Frassati in an article entitled 'Il momento di osare' (The moment to dare), dwelling on the danger into which the war in South Africa might plunge the British Empire. He incites his own country

to come forward as the active ally of England on this occasion, pointing out the identity of their interests.-Prof. Piccolomini treats of the new papyri acquired by the University of Strasburg. Signor Ferraris pleads for agrarian reform, one of the most burning questions in the home politics of Italy.-E. Masi reviews in detail a new romance by Signorina Giacomelli, A Raccolta,' wherein social theories and much polemics are interwoven with the purely artistic side of the novel.—(Jan. 16)— Opens with an essay on the New Year by E. de Amicis, a welcome to the opening century, in all its aspects, to the different members of society-a young man, an old man, a girl of fifteen, a lady of thirty, a lover, a husband, a bride, a mother, a member of Parliament, an artist, an expectant heir, an emigrant, a priest, a sentry, a father, a captain of the line, a landed proprietor, a writer, a speculator, till it culminates in De Amicis himself. The different personages are sketches drawn with the dramatic power so long associated with the author's name, and in their monologues are blended humour and pathos.-E. G. Lovatelli has a learned dissertation on the tombs of the Appian road; and G. Rovetti continues his romance La Signorina.-G. Narazini recounts an episode in his travels in Spain, the cremation of a prince, and describes in detail all the ceremonies thereto appertaining.-Of more practical interest is 'Our Future in America,' by O. Macchiore. -E. Pais treats the often noticed subject of the Stela Arcuica of the Roman Forum; and this paper is followed by a review of Lord Roberts' career in India, less as a historic than as a biographical study, introducing the personality of our Bobs' to the Italians.-C. de Lollis discourses of Ibsen's When we Wake the Dead, and General Dal Verme gives an account of the first three months of the war in South Africa.—(Feb. 1)— G. A. Cesare contributes a detailed critique on Professor Arthur Graf's poems, in three volumes, Medusa, Dopo il Tramento, and Le Danaide, and relates that the author was, from his very infancy, predisposed to be a pessimist. When he was only six years old, he happened to notice that the table, so smooth and shining of surface, was rough underneath, which fact gave him the sensation that everything is a lie, and the feeling never left him. He was sensitive in the highest degree, but this sensitiveness resulted rather in reflection than in action. When a young man he was offered a political candidature at Pinerolo, but refused to stand, and as a professor and rector he never made himself much talked about. He favoured socialism, but never wrote a line or made a speech on the subject. His intellect was keen, his ideas calm.