stinacy?" said his brother.-"Why!" rejoined the abbe Mably, "because, if I accept it I shall be obliged to praise the cardinal de Richelieu, which is contrary to my principles, or, if I do not praise him, as I owe every thing to his nephew, I shall be accused of ingratitude." In the same spirit, he acquired a bluntness of manner that was not very agreeable in the higher circles, where he never failed to take the part of men of genius who were poor, against the insults of the rich and proud. His works, by which the booksellers acquired large sums of money, contributed very little to his own finances, for he demanded no return but a few copies to give as presents to his friends. He appeared always dissatisfied with the state of public affairs, and had the credit of predicting the French revolution. Political sagacity, indeed, was that on which he chiefly rested his fame, and having formed his theory from certain systems which he thought might be traced to the Greeks and Romans, and even the ancient Gauls, he went as far as most of his contemporaries in undervaluing the prerogatives of the crown, and introducing a representative government. In his latter works his own mind appears to have undergone a revolution, and he proved that if he was before sincere in his notions of freedom, he was now equally illiberal. After enjoying considerable reputation, and being considered as one of the most popular French writers on the subjects of politics, morals, and history, he died at Paris, April 23, 1785. The abbé Barruel ranks him among the class of philosophers, who wished to be styled the Moderates, but whom Rousseau calls the Inconsistents. He adds, that "without being impious like a Voltaire or a Condorcet, even though averse to their impiety, his own tenets were extremely equivocal. At times his morality was so very disgusting, that it was necessary to suppose his language was ambiguous, and that he had been misunderstood, lest one should be obliged to throw off all esteem for his character." Such at least was the defence which Barruel heard him make, to justify himself from the censures of the Sorbonne.

His works are, 1. "Parallele des Romains et des Français," Paris, 1740, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. "Le Droit public de l'Europe," 1747, 3 vols. 12mo. 3. "Observations sur les Romains," 2 vols. 12mo. 4. "Observations sur les Grecs," 1751, 12mo, reprinted in 1766, with the title of "Observations sur l'histoire de la Grece."

5. "Des prin

cipes des negociations," 1757, 12mo. 6. "Entretiens de Phocion sur le rapport de la morale avec la politique," Amst. (Paris), 1763, 12mo, reprinted in 1783, 3 vols. 12mo, and by Didot in 1795, 4to. Of this an English translation was published by Mr. Macbean in 1770. It was once a very popular work in America, where his name was held in the highest honour, until he published his work on the constitution of the United States after the peace of 1783, when the Americans hung him in effigy as an enemy to toleration and liberty. 7. " Observations sur l'histoire de France," 1765, 2 vols. 12mo. 8. "Entretiens sur l'Histoire," 12mo. This is the work by which he has been most known in England, but in it, as well as his other works, he gives too great preference to the ancients over the moderns. 9. "De la maniere d'ecrire l'histoire," Kehl, 1784, 2 vols. 12mo. The whole of his works were collected, with an eloge by the abbé Brizard, in 15 vols. 8vo, 1794. In this are many pieces not enumerated above, particularly his work on "Morais," and his "Observations on the Government and Laws of America," which last, as we have noticed, destroyed his popularity in America. In both are symptoms of decayed intellect, and that confusion of thought which is peculiar to men who have been theorizing all their lives.1

MABUSE, or MABEUGE (JOHN DE), a Hungarian artist, was born at Maubeuge, a village in Hainault, in 1499, though in the Chronological Tables his birth is supposed to have been in 1492. It is not known from whom he derived his knowledge of the art of painting; but, in his youth, he was laborious in his practice, and his principal studies were after nature, by which he acquired a great deal of truth in his compositions. To improve himself in his profession, he travelled to Italy, and became an artist of great repute. He had a good pencil, and finished his pictures highly, with great care; yet, notwithstanding his studies in Italy, and the correctness of his design, he never could arrive at the elegance of the Roman school. His manner was dry, stiff, and laboured; but he was exceedingly industrious to give a polished smoothness to his colouring. By king Henry VIII. of England he was employed to paint the portraits of some of his children, which gained him great reputation, as he finished them deli

1 Dict. Hist.-Barruel's Mem. of Jacobinism, vol. II. p. 232,

cately, and gave them spirit and liveliness; and he painted several others for the nobility who attended the court at London. His paintings are consequently not unfrequent

in this country.

Many excellent works of Mabuse are at Middleburg; one of the most capital is the altar-piece of the great church, representing the descent from the cross. That picture had been so highly commended, that it raised the curiosity of Albert Durer; and he took a journey to Middleburg, merely to be an eye-witness of the merit of that performance. He viewed it with singular attention, and expressed the pleasure it afforded him, by the praise he bestowed upon it. But the picture which is accounted to excel all his other productions, is the Virgin with the infant Jesus, which he finished while he was retained in the service of the marquis of Veren; and in that subject he contrived to pay an extraordinary compliment to his patron, by making the heads of his lady and son the models for the heads of his figures.

He is censured by all writers for his immoderate love of drinking; and it is confidently said, that having received, by order of the marquis, a piece of brocade for a dress, to appear in before the emperor Charles V. he sold it at a tavern, and painted a paper suit so exceedingly like it, that the emperor could not be convinced of the deception till he felt the paper, and examined every part with his own hands. He died in 1562.'

MACARIUS (ST.), the elder, a celebrated hermit of the fourth century, said to be a disciple of St. Antony, was born at Alexandria, in the year 301, of poor parents. He was bred a baker, which trade he pursued to the age of thirty; then, being baptized, he retired and took up a solitary life. He passed sixty years in a monastery in mount Sceta, dividing his time between prayer and manual labour. He died about the year 391. Fifty homilies in Greek have been attributed to him, which were printed at Paris in 1526, with Gregory Thaumaturgus, in folio; and in 2 vols. 8vo, at Leipsic, in 1698.2

MACARIUS (ST.), the younger, another famous monk, a friend of the former, and a native also of Alexandria, had near 5000 monks under his direction. He was per

1 Pilkington.-Walpole's Anecdotes.

Cave, vol. I.-Mosheim.-Saxii Onomast.

secuted by the Arians, and banished into an island where there was not a single Christian, but where he converted almost all the inhabitants by his preaching, and as some say, by his miracles. He died in the year 394 or 395. "The Rules of Monks," in 30 chapters, are attributed to him, and a discourse by him on the "Death of the Just," was published by Tollius, in his "Insignia Itinerarii Italici."

MACAULAY (CATHERINE) or GRAHAM, the name of her second husband, was born in 1733, at Ollantigh, in Kent, the seat of her father, John Sawbridge, esq. She appears to have had none of the regular education given to young ladies of her rank, but had an early taste for promiscuous reading, which at length terminated in a fondness for history. That of the Romans is supposed to have inspired her with the republican notions which she professed throughout life, and in which she was probably encouraged by her brother the late alderman Sawbridge, whose politics were of the same cast. In 1760 she married Dr. George Macaulay, a physician of London. Soon after this, she commenced her career in literature, and in 1763 published the first volume, in 4to, of her "History of England, from the accession of James I. to that of the Brunswick Line." This work was completed in 8 vols. in 1783; it was read with some avidity at the period of its. publication, as the production of a female pen, but has since fallen into so much disrepute, as scarcely ever to be inquired after. It was written in the true spirit of rancorous republicanism, and was greatly deficient in that impartiality which ought to be the characteristic of true history. While in the height of her fame, Mrs. Macaulay excited the admiration of Dr. Wilson, rector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, who in his dotage placed her statue, while living, in the chancel of his church. This disgraceful appendage, however, his successor thought himself justified in removing. Having been left a widow, Mrs, Macaulay in 1778 married Mr. Graham, a step which, from the disparity of years, exposed her to much ridicule. In the year 1785 she went to America, for the purpose of visiting the illustrious Washington, with whom she had before maintained a correspondence. She died at Binfield, in Berkshire, June 22, 1791. Her works, besides the his

1 Cave, vol. I.-Saxii Onomast.

tory already referred to, which may be regarded as the principal, are, "Remarks on Hobbes's Rudiments of Government and Society;" "Loose Remarks on some of Mr. Hobbes's Positions;" the latter being an enlarged edition of the former: the object of these is to shew the superiority of a republican to a monarchical form of government. In 1770, Mrs. Macaulay wrote a reply to Mr. Burke's celebrated pamphlet entitled "Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents;" and in 1775 she published "An Address to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, on the present important Crisis of Affairs." She wrote also "A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth;" which she afterwards re-published, with much other original matter, under the title of "Letters on Education," 1790. Her last publication was "Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France, in a letter to the Right Hon. the Earl of Stanhope," 1790, 8vo. Many curious particulars of this lady may be found in our authorities.'

MACBŘIDĚ (DAVID), a distinguished physician, was born at Ballymony, co. Antrim, on the 26th of April, 1726. He was descended from an ancient family of his name in the shire of Galloway, in Scotland; but his grandfather, who was bred to the church, was called to officiate at Belfast to a congregation of Presbyterians, and his father became the minister of Ballymony, where David was born. Having received the first elements of his education at the public school of this place, and served his apprenticeship to a surgeon, he went into the navy, first in the capacity of mate to an hospital-ship, and subsequently in the rank of surgeon, in which station he remained for some years preceding the peace of Aix-laChapelle. At this period he was led from the frequent opportunities of witnessing the attacks of scurvy which a sea-faring life afforded him, to investigate the best method of cure for that disease, upon which he afterwards published a treatise. After the peace of Aix, Mr. Macbride went to Edinburgh and London, where he studied anatomy under those celebrated teachers doctors Monro and Hunter, and midwifery under Smellie. About the end of 1749, he

1 Gent. Mag. vol. XL. p. 505; LXI. p. 589, 618. See also Index.-Brit. Critic, vol. IV. Baldwin's Literary Journal, vol. I. p. 111, 284, 317, 377, 662.-Boswell's Life of Johnson.-Wilkes's Life and Letters, 4 vols. 12mo.