The Calis and Pandaris are the protectresses of cities; each city has its own. They address prayers to these tutelary divinities, and build temples to them, offering to them blood in sacrifice, and sometimes human victims. These objects of worship are not immortal, and they take their name from the city over which they preside, The Aunnays act a considerable part in the history or from the form in which they are represented. They of the Nella Rajah, an amusing romance, for a translaare commonly framed of a gigantic stature, having se- tion of which we are indebted to Mr Kindersley. They

are milk-white, and remarkable for the gracefulness of tial manner. The corners are generally ornamented their walk.

the

Note 49, page 327, col. 2.

The Banian Tree.

THE Burghut, or Banian, often measures from twentyfour to thirty feet in girth. It is distinguished from every other tree hitherto known, by the very peculiar circumstance of throwing out roots from all its branches. These, being pendent, and perfectly lax, in time reach the ground, which they penetrate, and ultimately become substantial props to the very massy horizontal boughs, which, but for such a support, must either be stopt in their growth, or give way, from their own weight. Many of these quondam roots, changing their outward appearance from a brown rough rind to a regular bark, not unlike that of the beech, increase to a great diameter. They may be often seen from four to five feet in circumference, and in a true perpendicular line. An observer, ignorant of their nature, might think them artificial, and that they had been placed for purpose of sustaining the boughs from which they originated. They proceed from all the branches indiscriminately, whether near or far removed from the ground. They appear like new swabs, such as are in use on board ships: however, few reach sufficiently low to take a hold of the soil, except those of the lower branches. I have seen some do so from a great height, but they were thin, and did not promise well. Many of the ramifications pendent from the higher boughs are seen to turn round the lower branches, but without any obvious effect on either; possibly, however, they may derive sustenance, even from that partial mode of communication. The height of a full-grown Banian may be from sixty to eighty feet; and many of them, I am fully confident, cover at least two acres. Their leaves are similar to, but rather larger than those of the laurel. The wood of the trunk is used only for fuel; it is light and brittle; but the pillars formed by the roots are valuable, being extremely elastic and light, working with ease, and possessing great toughness: it resembles a good kind of ash.—Oriental Field Sports, vol. ii, p. 113.

Note 50, page 327, col. 2.

The Well

Which they, with sacrifice of rural pride,

Have wedded to the Cocoa-Grove beside.

It is a general practice, that, when a plantation is made, a well should be dug at one of its sides. The well and the tope are married; a ceremony at which all the village attends, and in which often much money is expended. The well is considered as the husband, as its waters, which are copiously furnished to the young trees during the first hot season, are supposed to cherish and impregnate them. Though vanity and superstition are evidently the basis of these institutions, yet we cannot help admiring their effects, so beautifully ornamenting a torrid country, and affording such general convenience.-Oriental Sports, p. 10.

Note 51, page 327, col. 2.

Tanks.

Some of these tanks are of very great extent, often covering eight or ten acres; and, besides having steps of masonry, perhaps fifty or sixty feet in breadth, are faced with brick-work, plaistered in the most substan

with round or polygon pavilions of a neat appearance. Oriental Sports, vol. ii, p. 116.

There are two kinds of tanks, which we confound under one common name, though nothing can be more different. The first is the Eray, which is formed by throwing a mound or bank across a valley or hollow ground, so that the rain water collects in the upper part of the valley, and is let out on the lower part by sluices, for the purposes of cultivation. The other kind is the Culam, which is formed by digging out the earth, and is destined for supplying the inhabitants with water for domestic purposes. The Culams are very frequently lined on all the four sides with cut stone, and are the most elegant works of the natives.-BUCHANAN.

Where there are no springs or rivers to furnish them with water, as it is in the northern parts, where there are but two or three springs, they supply this defect by saving of rain water; which they do by casting up great banks in convenient places, to stop and contain the rains that fall, and so save it till they have occasion to let it out into the fields: They are made rounding like a (, or half-moon. Every town has one of these ponds, which, if they can but get filled with water, they count their corn is as good as in the barn. It was no small work to the ancient inhabitants to make all these banks, of which there is a great number, heing some two, some three fathoms in height, and in length some above a mile, some less, not all of a size. They are now grown they would use the water, they cut a gap in one end of over with great trees, and so seem natural hills. When the bank, and so draw the water by little and little, as they have occasion, for the watering their corn.

These ponds, in dry weather, dry up quite. If they should dig these ponds deep, it would not be so convenient for them. It would, indeed, contain the water well, but would not so well, nor in such plenty, empty out itself into their grounds. In these ponds are allithe woods and down to the rivers, and in the time of gators, which when the water is dried up, depart into small, nor do use to catch people, nevertheless they rains, come up again into the ponds. They are but

stand in some fear of them.

The corn they sow in these parts is of that sort that is soonest ripe, fearing lest their waters should fail. As ¦ the water dries out of these ponds, they make use of them for fields, treading the mud with buffaloes, and then sowing rice thereon, and frequently casting up water with scoops on it.-KNOX, p. 9.

Note 52, page 327, col. 2.

The Lotus.

The lotus abounds in the numerous lakes and ponds of the province of Garah; and we had the pleasure of comparing several varieties; single and full, white, and ¦ tinged with deep or with faint tints of red. To a near view, the simple elegance of the white lotus gains no accession of beauty from the multiplication of its petals, nor from the tinge of gaudy hue; but the richest tint is most pleasing, when a lake, covered with fall-blown lotus, is contemplated. — Journey from Mirzapur to Nagpur. Asiatic Annual Register, 1806.

Note 53, page 327, col. 2.

They built them here a Bower, etc.

The materials of which these houses are made are al

ways easy to be procured, and the structure is so simple, that a spacious, and by no means uncomfortable dwelling, suited to the climate, may be erected in one day. Our habitation, consisting of three small rooms, and a hall open to the north, in little more than four hours was in readiness for our reception; fifty or sixty labourers completed it in that time, and on emergency could perform the work in much less. Bamboos, grass for thatching, and the ground rattan, are all the materials requisite: not a nail is used in the whole edifice: a row of strong bamboos, from eight to ten feet high, are fixed firm in the ground, which describe the outline, and are the supporters of the building: smaller bamboos are then tied horizontally, by strips of the ground rattan, to these upright posts: The walls, composed of bamboo mats, are fastened to the sides with similar ligatures: bamboo rafters are quickly raised, and a roof formed, over which thatch is spread in regular layers, and bound to the roof by filaments of rattan. A floor of bamboo grating is next laid in the inside, elevated two or three feet above the ground; this grating is supported on bamboos, and covered with mats and carpets. Thus ends the process, which is not more simple than effectual. When the workmen take pains, a house of this sort is proof against very inclement weather. We experienced, during our stay at Meeaday, a severe storm of wind and rain, but no water penetrated, nor thatch escaped: and if the tempest should blow down the house, the inhabitants would run no risk of having their brains knocked out, or their bones broken; the fall of the whole fabric would not crush a lady's lap-dog.-SYMES'S Embassy to Ava.

Note 54, page 327, col. 2.
Jungle-grass.

In this district the long grass called jungle is more prevalent than I ever yet noticed. It rises to the height of seven or eight feet, and is topped with a beautiful white down, resembling a swan's feather. It is the mantle with which nature here covers all the uncultivated ground, and at once veils the indolence of the people and the nakedness of their land. It has a fine shewy appearance, as it undulates in the wind, like the waves of the sea. Nothing but the want of greater variety to its colour prevents it from being one of the finest and most beautiful objects in that rich store of productions with which nature spontaneously supplies the improvident natives.-TENNANT.

Note 55, page 328, col. 1.

In such libations, pour'd in open glades,
Beside clear streams and solitary shades,
The Spirits of the virtuous dead delight.

to be born again in the bodies of unclean beasts; and until, by repeated regenerations, all their sins are done away, and they attain such a degree of perfection as will entitle them to what is called Mooktee, eternal salvation, by which is understood a release from future transmigration, and an absorption in the nature of the godhead, who is called Brahm.-WILKINS. Note to the Bhagvat Geeta.

The divine manes are always pleased with an oblation in empty glades, naturally clean, on the banks of rivers, and in solitary spots.-Inst. of Menu. Note 56, page 328, col. 1.

The Surput, or tassel-grass, which is much the same as the guinea grass, grows to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Its stem becomes so thick as to resemble in some measure a reed. It is very strong, and grows very luxuriantly it is even used as a fence against cattle; for which purpose it is often planted on banks, excavated from ditches, to enclose fields of corn, etc. It grows wild in all the uncultivated parts of India, but especially in the lower provinces, in which it occupies immense tracts; sometimes mixing with, and rising above coppices; affording an asylum for elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, etc. It frequently is laid by high winds, of which breeding sows fail not to take advantage, by forming their nests, and concealing their young under the prostrate grass.-Oriental Sports, vol. i, p.

32.

Note 58, page 328, col. 2.

Lo, from his trunk, upturn'd, aloft be flings
The grateful shower, and now
Plucking the broad-leav'd bough

Of yonder plane, -he moves it to and fro.
Nature has provided the elephant with means to cool
its heated surface, by enabling it to draw from its
throat, by the aid of its trunk, a copious supply of
saliva, which the animal spurts with force very fre-
quently all over its skin. It also sucks up dust, and
blows it over its back and sides, to keep off the flies,
often be seen fanning itself with a large
bough, which it uses with great case and dexterity.—
Oriental Sports, vol. i, p. 100.

and

may

Note 59, page 328, col. 2.

Till his strong temples, bath'd with sudden dews, Their fragrance of delight and love diffuse. The Hindoos are enjoined by the Veds to offer a cake, which is called Peenda, to the ghosts of their ancestors, The Hiudoo poets frequently allude to the fragrant as far back as the third generation. This ceremony is juice which oozes, at certain seasons, from small ducts performed on the day of the new moon in every month, in the temples of the male elephant, and is useful in The offering of water is in like manner commanded to relieving him from the redundant moisture, with be performed daily, and this ceremony is called Tar- which he is then oppressed; and they even describe pan, to satisfy, to appease. The souls of such men as the bees as allured by the scent, and mistaking it for have left children to continue their generation, are that of the sweetest flowers. When Crishna visited supposed to be transported, immediately upon quitting Sancha-dwip, and had destroyed the demon who intheir bodies, into a certain region called the Petree Log, fested that delightful country, he passed along the where they may continue in proportion to their former bank of a river, and was charmed with a delicious virtues, provided these ceremonies be not neglected; odour, which its waters diffused in their course : He otherwise they are precipitated into Nark, and doomed, was eager to view the source of so fragrant a stream,

but was informed by the natives that it flowed from the temples of an elephant, immensely large, milkwhite, and beautifully formed; that he governed a numerous race of elephants; and that the odoriferous fluid which exuded from his temples in the season of love had formed the river; that the Devas, or inferior gods, and the Apsarases, or nymphs, bathed and sported in its waters, impassioned and intoxicated with the liquid perfume.-WILFORD. Asiatic Researches.

Note 60, page 328, col. 2.

The antic monkeys, whose wild gambols late
Shook the whole wood.

They are so numerous on the island of Bulama, says Captain Beaver in his excellent book, that I have seen, on a calm evening, when there was not an air sufficiently strong to agitate a leaf, the whole surrounding wood in as much motion, from their playful gambols among its branches, as if it had blown a strong wind.

Note 61, page 328, col. 2.

Not that in emulous skill that sweetest bird
Her rival strain would try.

I have been assured, by a credible eye-witness, that
two wild antelopes used often to come from their woods
to the place where a more savage beast, Sirajuddaulah,
entertained himself with concerts, and that they listened
to the strains with an appearance of pleasure, till the
monster, in whose soul there was no music, shot one
of them, to display his archery. A learned native of
this country told me that he had frequently seen the
most venomous and malignant snakes leave their holes,
upon hearing tunes on a flute, which, as he supposed,
gave them peculiar delight. An intelligent Persian,
who repeated his story again and again, and permitted
me to write it down from his lips, declared, he had
more than once been present when a celebrated lutanist,
Mirza Mohammed, surnamed Bulbul, was playing to a
large company, in
Grove near Shiraz, where he
distinctly saw the nightingales trying to vie with the
musician; sometimes warbling on the trees, sometimes
fluttering from branch to brauch, as if they wished to
approach the instrument whence the melody proceeded,
and at length dropping on the ground, in a kind of
ecstacy, from which they were soon raised, he assured
me, by a change of the mode. I hardly know, says
Sir William Jones, how to disbelieve the testimony of
men who had no system of their own to support, and
could have no interest in deceiving me.- Asiatic
Researches.

a

Note 62, page 328, col. 2.

No idle ornaments deface

Her natural grace.

What Condals should emblaze my ears,
Like Seita's waves, or Seita's tears;
How elegantly to dispose
Bright circlets for my well-form'd nose:
With strings of rabies how to deck,

Or emerald rows, my stately neck;
While some that ebon tower embraced,
Some pendent sought my slender waist;
How next my purfled veil to chuse
From silken stores of varied hues,
Which would attract the roving view,
Pink, violet, purple, orange, blue;
The loveliest mantle to select,
Or unembellish'd or bedeck'd;
And how my twisted scarf to place
With most inimitable grace,
(Too thin its warp, too fine its woof,
For eyes of males not beauty-proof;)
What skirts the mantle best would suit,
Ornate, with stars, or tissued fruit,
The flower-embroider'd or the plain,
With silver or with golden vein;
The Chury bright, which gayly shows
Fair objects aptly to compose;

How each smooth arm, and each soft wrist,
By richest Cosees might be kiss'd,
While some my taper ankles round,
With sunny radiance tinged the ground.

See how he kisses the lip of my rival, and imprints
the young antelope on the lunar orb! Now, like the
on her forehead an ornament of pure musk, black as
husband of Reti, he fixes white blossoms on her dark
the curled clouds. On her breasts, like two firma-
locks, where they gleam like flashes of lightning among
ments, he places a string of gems like a radiant con-
of the water-lily, and adorned with hands glowing like
stellation; be binds on her arms, graceful as the stalks
the petals of its flower, a bracelet of sapphires, which |
resemble a cluster of bees. Ah! see how he ties round
which seem to laugh as they tinkle, at the inferior
her waist a rich girdle illumined with golden bells,
brightness of the leafy garlands which lovers hang on
their bowers, to propitiate the god of desire. lle
places her soft foot, as he reclines by her side, on his
ardent bosom, and stains it with the ruddy hue of
Yavaca.-Songs of Jayadeva.

Note 63, page 328, col. 2.

Sandal-streak.

The Hindoos, especially after bathing, paint their faces with ochre and sandal-wood ground very fine in

to a pulp.

The custom is principally confined to the male sex, though the women occasionally wear a round spot, either of sandal, which is of a light dun colour, or of singuiff, that is, a preparation of vermilion, between the eye-brows, and a stripe of the same running up the

The Hindoo Wife, in Sir William Jones's poem, de- front of the head, in the furrow made according to the scribes her own toilet-tasks:

Nor were my night thoughts, I confess,

Free from solicitude for dress;

How best to bind my flowing hair
With art, yet with an artless air,-
My bair, like musk in scent and bue,
Oh blacker far, and sweeter too!
In what nice braid, or glossy curl,

To fix a diamond or a pearl,

And where to smooth the love-spread toils
With nard or jasmin's fragrant oils;

How to adjust the golden feic,'

And most adorn my forehead sleek;

Properly Teica, an ornament of gold placed above the nose.

general practice of dividing all the frontal hair equally to the right and left, where it is rendered smooth, and glazed by a thick mucilage, made by steeping hintseed for a while in water. When dry, the hair is all firmly matted together, and will retain its form for many days together.-Oriental Sports, vol. i, p. 271.

Note 64, page 328, col. 2.

Nor arm nor ankle-ring.

Glass rings are universally worn by the women of the Decan, as an ornament on the wrists; and their apply ing closely to the arm is considered as a mark of delicacy and beauty, for they must of course be past over the

hand. In doing this a girl seldom escapes without
drawing blood, and rubbing part of the skin from her
hand;
and as every well-dressed girl has a number of
rings on each arm, and as these are frequently breaking,
the poor creatures suffer much from their love of ad-

miration.-Buchanan.

This temple is to the Hindoos what Mecca is to the Mahommedans. It is resorted to by pilgrims from every quarter of India. It is the chief seat of Brahminical power, and a strong-hold of their superstition. At the annual festival of the Butt Jattra, seven hundred thousand persons (as has been computed by the Pundits in College) assemble at this place. The number of deaths in a single year, caused by voluntary devotement, by imprisonment for non-payment of the demands of the Brahmins, or by the scarcity of provisions for such a multitude, is incredible. The precincts of the place are covered with bones.-Claudius Buchanan.

the form of a wing upon each cheek, which wings open and shut and flap as it is carried in a stately chariot, and the idol in the midst of it; and one of the moguls sitting behind it in the chariot, upon a convenient place, with a canopy, to keep the sun from injuring of it.

When I, with horror, beheld these strange things, I called to mind the eighteenth chapter of the Revelations, and the first verse, and likewise the sixteenth and seventeenth verses of the said chapter, in which places there is a beast, and such idolatrous worship, mentioned; and those sayings in that text are herein truly accomplished in the sixteenth verse; for the Bramins are all marked in the forehead, and likewise all that come to worship the idol are marked also in their foreheads.Bruton. Churchill's Collection.

Note 68, page 329, col. 2.

The Chariot of the God.

The size of the chariot is not exaggerated. Speaking of other such, Niecamp says, Currus tam horrendæ magnitudinis sunt, ut vel mille homines uni trahendo vix sufficiant.-1. 10. sec. 18.

They have built a great chariot, that goeth on sixteen wheels of a side, and every wheel is five feet in height, and the chariot itself is about thirty feet high. In this chariot, on their great festival days, at night, they place their wicked god Jaggarnat; and all the Bramins, being in number nine thousand, then attend this great idol, besides of ashmen and fackeires some thousands, or more than a good many.

The chariot is most richly adorned with most rich and costly ornaments; and the aforesaid wheels are placed very complete in a round circle, so artificially, that every wheel doth its proper office without any impediment; for the chariot is aloft, and in the centre betwixt the wheels: they have also more than two thousand lights with them: And this chariot, with the idol, is also drawn with the greatest and best men of the town; and they are so eager and greedy to draw it, that whosoever, by shouldering, crowding, shoving, heaving, thrusting, or any violent way, can but come to lay a hand upon the ropes, they think themselves blessed and happy and, when it is going along the city, there are many that will offer themselves as a sacrifice to this idol, and desperately lie down on the ground, that the

Many thousands of people are employed in carrying water from flurdwar to Juggernat, for the uses of that temple. It is there supposed to be peculiarly holy, as it issues from what is called the Cow's Mouth. This superstitious notion is the cause of as much lost labour as would long since have converted the largest province of Asia into a garden. The numbers thus employed are immense; they travel with two flasks of the water slung over the shoulder by means of an elastic piece of bam-chariot-wheels may run over them, whereby they are boo. The same quantity which employs, perhaps, fifteen thousand persons, might easily be carried down the Ganges in a few boats annually. Princes and families of distinction have this water carried to them in all parts of Hindostan; it is drank at feasts, as well as upon religious occasions.-Tennant.

A small river near Kinouge is held by some as even more efficacious in washing away moral defilement than the Ganges itself. Dr Tennant says, that a person in Ceylon drinks daily of this water, though at the distance of, perhaps, three thousand miles, and at the expense of five thousand rupees per month!

No distinction of casts is made at this temple, but all, like a nation descended from oue common stock, eat, drink, and make merry together.-Stavorinus.

Note 67, page 329, col. 1.

The seven-headed Idol.

The idol of Jaggernat is in shape like a serpent, with seven heads; and on the cheeks of each head it hath

killed outright, some get broken arms, some broken legs; so that many of them are so destroyed, and by this means they think to merit heaven.-Bruton. Churchill's Collection.

They sometimes lie down in the track of this machine a few hours before its arrival, and, taking a soporiferous draught, hope to meet death asleep.-CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN.

Note 69, page 330, col. 1.

A harlot-band.

There are in India common women, called Wives of the Idol. When a woman has made a vow to obtain children, if she brings into the world a beautiful daughter, she carries her to Bod, so their idol is called, with whom she leaves her. This girl, when she is arrived at a proper age, takes an apartinent in the public place, hangs a curtain before the door, and waits for those who are passing, as well Indians as those of other sects among whom this debauchery is permitted. She prostitutes