that was reported, and 50,000 bushels of barley); 55,000 bushels of barley were ground in other counties. This was a falling off from the production of the previous year, but this may be due to the fact that the assessors in most of the counties neglected to report. There were twenty-seven saw mills reported; a part of these sawed 27,490,000 feet of lumber, and made 100,000 shingles. There were eight planing and framing mills. There were 119 quartz stamp mills in operation, six less than the previous year, and they crushed 659,534 tons of quartz, almost 300,000 tons less than the year before; there were thirty-four smelting furnaces, which smelted 154,651 tons of ore, about 70,000 tons more than the previous year. Seven pan mills worked over 83,563 tons of tailings. Six borax mills were operated, but how much they produced is not told. The other manufactures are not reported, and we have no key to the value of the production of these. There were seventeen mining ditches in operation, having a total length of fifty-seven miles, and eight of them used 484 miner's inches of water daily. There were 407 irrigating ditches, having a total length of 1,491 miles, and irrigating 128,004 acres of land. There were also six wood flumes, fifty-three miles in length, and 75,000 cords of wood were flumed through them.

Railroads.-The entire number of railroads in the State was fifteen in 1878. The total length at the close of 1879 was about 685 miles.

Valuation. The assessed valuation of real and personal estate in 1878 in the State, with one county (Elko) missing, were $26,018,392, about $1,400,000 less than that of the previous year. These amounts were absurdly below the real valuation. Either one of the four or five bonanza kings of the State could probably show an inventory exceeding this amount, and the property of the Central Pacific Railroad in the State alone is probably worth considerably more than the entire assessed valuation of all real property in the State.

Population.-Nevada is not a State of large population, and since 1870, the number of its inhabitants has fluctuated remarkably. When admitted into the Union as a State, its population

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was far below the usual requirement, and indeed has never yet attained to it. The almost exclusive devotion of the inhabitants. to mining enterprises, and the fact that many of these were managed by foreign companies, and the employés were very few of them citizens, has aided in keeping the population at a low figure. The following table gives the particulars of the population so far as they are attainable:

Indian Reservations.-The Indian reservations amount to 897,815 acres, but only a very small part of this consists of arable lands.

Counties and Cities.-There are fourteen organized counties in Nevada, viz.: Churchill, Douglas, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Lincoln, Lyon, Nye, Ormsby, Storey, Washoe and White Pine; of these Storey county, in which is situated the Comstock lode, is much the largest; of the others only Eureka and Ormsby exceed 5,000 inhabitants. The principal cities and towns are Virginia City, which has 13,705 inhabitants; Gold Hill and Hamilton, mining towns, with 4,000 or 5,000 each; Carson City, the capital, with about 4,000; Treasure City, Elko, Reno and Pioche, with from 1,500 to 2,000 each.

Education.-The State has a moderate school fund from the sale of school lands, and the provision for public school education is very good. Her fund will increase with the growth of the

* Including tribal Indians. † Excluding tribal Indians. Includes 3,152 Chinese. Includes 3,919 Chinese. The number of registered voters in 1877 was 17,761, and in 1878 17,166, showing that a large number of those of voting age were aliens.

State. In the cities and towns, the schools are well maintained. Among the scattered population of the newer mining districts and the grazing lands there is more difficulty. The only institution for higher education is the State University, which has not yet organized anything beyond its preparatory department.

Religious Denominations.-In 1874 there were in Nevada, as reported, forty-four church organizations of all denominations, thirty-two church edifices, thirty-seven clergymen, priests or ministers, 1,132 communicants, 10,300 adherent population, and $301,450 of church property. Of these the Roman Catholics claimed thirteen church organizations, though but seven church edifices and six priests. They numbered all the adherents of their church as Catholic population, and reported them as 5,000. Their church edifices were the best buildings of the kind in the State, and were valued at $134,000, probably considerably less than their actual worth. The Methodists came next with eleven church organizations, ten church edifices, twelve ministers, 496 communicants, 2,500 adherent population, and church property reported at $76,250. There were nine Protestant Episcopal Churches, six church edifices, nine clergymen, and 269 communicants, with $48,000 of church property. Next in order came Presbyterians, with five churches, three church edifices, three ministers, 169 members, and $21,200 of church property. The only other denominations reported were the Baptists, with three churches, three church edifices, three ministers, and $16,000 of church property; and the Congregationalists, with one church, one church edifice, and one minister, with twelve members, and $6,000 of church property. Nevada could hardly be called a very religious commonwealth, when less than onefifth of its population were even adherents to any form of religion, and only one-fiftieth were actual communicants. The condition of things is not much better now. At that date the Mormons had begun to plant their communities, and teach their doctrines in the mining districts, and now, six years later, they claim to have the control there, and we fear their claim is just. This faith, which is also an authority or empire, is the sum of all abominations, and we cannot look at its spread without

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horror and disgust. The prevalence of polygamy, blasphemy. lust and murder in a State like Nevada, would portend its ruin were its mines a thousand-fold richer than they are.

Historical Data.-Nevada is a part of the region acquired from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in February, 1848. It was at first a part of California Territory, and on the admission of that State into the Union, was, made a part of Utah Territory. It was set off as the Territory of Nevada, in March, 1861, but had not then so large an area as it has now. A part of its present boundaries on the east were fixed in 1862; it was admitted into the Union as a State in 1864, and received some further accessions of territory in 1866. It furnished its quota of soldiers to the civil war, and sent material aid to the Sanitary Commission to the extent of $51,000.

Conclusion.-Nevada does not offer a very promising field for immigration. Its great mining operations are in the hands of wealthy capitalists, and are not at the present time very promising; there are probably new lodes and new placers which may prove very rich; but only capitalists will be able to hold or work them. Grazing, especially with herds of cattle, might prove better, but it requires a large capital, and Wyoming, Montana, Oregon, Washington Territory, and perhaps California, are so much better adapted to grazing as to leave but small inducements to the stock-grower to start here. Farming in some of the fertile valleys, or market gardening, would be more feasible, for, with irrigation, crops can be raised, which will find a good and ready market at home. But the lack of any patriotic State feeling, and the prevalence of Mormonism throughout the State, make it a State to which immigration is not desirable.

CHAPTER XVI.

NEW MEXICO.

TOPOGRAPHY-BOUNDARIES (ENLARGED BY THE GADSDEN TREATY)-EXTENT AND AREA-MOUNTAINS-RIVERS AND LAKES-CLIMATE-VARIETY IN TEMPERATURE-MR. Z. L. WHITE ON THE SUMMer Climate of THE TERRITORY— NEW MEXICO AS A HEALTH RESORT-METEOROLOGY AND RAINFALL OF VARIOUS POINTS IN THE TERRITORY-GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY-MINERAL WEALTH OF THE TERRITORY-GOLD AND SILVER-OTHER METALS AND MINERALS-TURQUOISE-HOT SPRINGS-COAL-BITUMINOUS, LIGNITE AND TRUE ANTHRACITE-COAL FOUND IN NEW MEXICO OF THE BEST QUALITY AND IN INEXHAUSTIBLE QUANTITIES-ARABLE LANDS—THEIR QUANTITY AND QUALITY -NATIVE AGRICULTURE-GRAZING LANDS-NEW MEXICO BEST ADAPTED TO SHEEP-FARMING-NUMBER OF SHEEP-CROPS OF 1879-MINING INDUSTRY, GOVERNOR WALLACE ON THE MINING DISTRICTS-THE GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION OBJECTS OF INTEREST-THE CAÑONS AND TERRIBLE Dark VALLEYS AND CAVES OF THE TERRITORY-THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLAEVIDENCES OF VOLCANIC Action-BurieD CITIES-ABO AND ITS RUINS-· THE INDIAN SKELETON OVERWHELMED BY VOLCANIC ASHES-THE VASI CRATER-ROCK CITIES-THE PUEBLO POTTERY-HOW IT WAS AND IS MAD♣ -THE ZUNI BLANKETS-MANUFACTURES-RAILROADS-GREAT DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAYS-POPULATION-TABLE-CHIEF-JUSTICE Prince on the Three CIVILIZATIONS FOUND THERE THE INDIAN TRIBES-THE PUEBLOS—THE APACHES THE NAVAJOES-Counties and Principal TOWNS-EDUCATION— RELIGION and Morals-Historical DatA-CONCLUSION.

NEW MEXICO is a central Territory of the southern tier of States and Territories of "Our Western Empire." It is a portion of the territory ceded by Mexico by the treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo, in February, 1848, and, previous to the cession, had been a State of that republic. It was created a Territory by Act of Congress, September 9th, 1850, but the Territorial government was not organized till March 1, 1851.

The Territory extends from 103° to 109° of west longitude from Greenwich, and from 31° 20′ to 37° north latitude. It is bounded by Colorado on the north, by Texas and the Indian Territory on the east, Texas and Old Mexico on the south, and Arizona on the west. It is almost a perfect square, a small tract projecting into Mexico, which was acquired by the Gadsden