THREE DISTINCT CIVILIZATIONS IN NEW MEXICO.

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They have no ambition to rise, and their wants are so few that they even don't want money. You cannot buy land from a Mexican, even if he is not using it himself, because it belonged to his father. Instead of being murderous or dangerous in their tendencies, they have a positive dislike for murder and bloodshed, except in the case of those who are located on the border. It is a remarkable fact that they have five distinct languages. In their methods of courtship and marriage the Spanish differ very much from them. The third type in Mexico is the American. The typical American life is found in the Texas frontier or the frontier of the Indian Territory. Among these are many wild and lawless men, away from the restraints of civilized life, some of them being practically outlaws. The railroads have just penetrated New Mexico, and emigrants of a better class are flocking there from all parts of the country."

To the Chief-Justice's list of civilizations should be added two more-the tribal Indians, of whom there are two distinct races the Apaches, of three or four distinct bands, the Jicarillas, Mescaleros and Hot Spring Apaches, who occupy Southern and Southeastern New Mexico, and are, without exception, the meanest, filthiest, most treacherous, murderous and degraded of all the Indian tribes; and the Navajoes, in the northwest of the Territory, a tribe of much higher character, largely engaged in pastoral pursuits, owning nearly or quite a million sheep and large herds of cattle. This tribe, whose reservation is partly in New Mexico and partly in Arizona, are possibly of kindred race with the Pueblo Indians; they have been badly treated by the whites, but are greatly superior to any of the other nomadic tribes. of the West, and give good ground to hope that they may yet be civilized. There were, in 1879, 11,850 Navajoes, and 1,977 Apaches in the Territory.

Counties and Principal Towns.-There are twelve counties in the Territory, viz.: Taos, having in 1879 13,025 inhabitants; Colfax, 4,290; Mora, 11,475; Rio Arriba, 12,000; Bernalillo, 19,595; Santa Fé, 13.355; San Miguel, 16,175; Valencia, 10,035 ; Lincoln, 4.450; Socorro, 6,220; Grant, 7,200; Doña Ana, 7,430. The population in all these cases is exclusive of Indians. Of

these counties Bernalillo, Valencia, Santa Fé and San Miguel are of the most irregular and peculiar shape, Bernalillo and Valencia having portions entirely detached and separated by other counties from their larger sections. The other counties are of comparatively regular form.

Of the towns Santa Fé, the capital and oldest city, has about 6,500 inhabitants; Albuquerque, about 5,000; Las Vegas, Mesilla and Silver City, from 3,000 to 4,000 each; Cimarron, Las Cruces, Mora, Placita, Fernando de Taos, Ocate, Tome and San Marcial, growing towns, each of 1,000 or more inhabitants.

Education is at a low ebb in New Mexico. The Territory being under the control of the Roman Catholic hierarchy, which largely outnumbers all other denominations in its adherent population, the public school education has been wholly usurped by them, and the public funds for school purposes are entirely ex pended by them upon their own schools. Governor Lew Wallace, in his report to the Secretary of the Interior, September, 1879, gives the following as the latest report concerning education in the Territory:

The lands set apart for public schools in New Mexico are in very liberal quantity; nothing, however, has been done to make them available.

"In 1871 the legislature passed an act establishing a common school system, for the support of which there were set apart not only the poll-tax and a quarter of all other taxes, but a certain surplus in the various county treasuries. Four years afterwards eight of the twelve counties reported:

"The amount of school moneys raised by tax in 1874 was $28,523.34.

"Education is chiefly in the Spanish language. In Grant and Colfax counties the English is the prevailing tongue,

"In addition to the above there are twenty-six private and

RELIGION AND MORALS.

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parochial schools, in the greater portion of which the common and higher branches are taught. In some instances German and French, and the classics and music, have place in the course of instruction."

Religion and Morals.-As we have already said, Roman Catholicism is supreme in New Mexico. In 1874 there were 198 church organizations and 170 church edifices, belonging to the Roman Catholics, many of the latter being costly buildings, against ten organizations and nine church edifices of all other denominations, and the proportion is about the same to-day. The Territory, while a Mexican State, was, of course, under exclusively Roman Catholic jurisdiction, and so far as the great mass of the people are concerned, especially the Mexicans and Pueblo Indians, it is so to-day. Unfortunately the Catholicism of the Territory is the Catholicism of the middle ages, and not that of the nineteenth century, aggressive, imperious, arrogant and exclusive, while it is also illiterate and with few exceptions grossly immoral. Its priests are to a lamentable extent literally the fathers of their flocks; and illegitimacy is as common and as little regarded as it was on the continent of Europe three hundred or four hundred years ago. This scandal became so gross a few years since that the archbishop banished all the priests (who were of Spanish or Hispano-American birth) from the Territory, and supplied their places with priests from France and Belgium; but it is said that the time has come for another expatriation. There is some reason to hope that a portion of the large immigration now flowing into the Territory may be of a better class, and that purer morals and better educational facilities may soon prevail.

Historical Data.-New Mexico was first heard of in Europe in 1530 as the Kingdom of Cibola, from whence the Mexican rulers obtained their gold and precious gems. It was reached in 1540 by Coronado, but did not come fully under Spanish domination until near the close of the sixteenth century. The foreigners were well received at first, but they soon became obnoxious to the people. The religious and civil authorities were alike greedy for gold, and the gold mines were made to

yield immense sums to the church and the rulers, by the enslaving of the natives, and the practice of the most atrocious cruelties upon them. The cathedral of Santa Fé alone received from one mine $10,000,000. At last, exasperated beyond endurance, the long-suffering natives rose in rebellion in 1680 and expelled the Spaniards, but only succeeded in keeping them out for thirteen years. During this time every mine in the country was filled up. Peace was made on condition that there should be no more slavery and no more mining. From that time until 1846, when the American army took possession of the Territory, the history of New Mexico is almost a blank; things went on the same from generation to generation. The governors of New Mexico were practically independent by their isolation; and the revolution which threw off the Spanish yoke from Mexico made very little difference with this remote State. In 1846 General Kearney captured Santa Fé, and overran the entire Territory, which was ceded to the United States two years later under the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. The land south of the Gila was obtained in 1853 by purchase from Mexico, and in 1854 New Mexico contained, besides the region within its present limits, the whole of Arizona and portions of Nevada and Colorado. So much of the country east of the Rocky Mountains as lies between the thirtyseventh and thirty-eighth parallels was annexed to Colorado in February, 1861, and, two years later, Arizona was set off. Several attempts have been made to secure the admission of New Mexico to the Federal Union, but so far without success. A bill for that purpose was presented to the Forty-third Congress in March, 1875, but failed to become a law. Until it can come in as a State having a republican form of government and not under the control of a religious hierarchy and an established church, it is to be hoped that all future applications will prove equally unsuccessful. But the vast tide of immigration now flowing into the Territory, and which is likely to be still larger, will soon effect such changes that its reception into the Union will be both proper and desirable.

Conclusion. There is no use in counselling immigrants to avoid a region so rich in mineral wealth, or so well adapted to pastoral

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pursuits, as New Mexico; but there is a sufficiency of these advantages to last for several years to come; and the immigrant who delays until the Indian troubles are fully settled, and the country, and its railways and highways, its government, schools and religious advantages are more fully developed, will be wiser than those who, in their haste to be rich, rush in now, and find, as they will, that wealth is only to be purchased by great trials, privations and sacrifices.

CHAPTER XVII.

OREGON.

BOUNDARIES, Area and ExtenT-FACE OF THE COUNTRY-MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES THE VALLEYS OF OREGON-THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY-UMPQUA VALLEY ROGUE RIVER VALLEY-THE NUMEROUS VALLEYS OF EASTERN OREGON THE ELEVATED PLAINS OF MIDDLE AND CENTRAL OREGON-MR. TOLMAN'S DESCRIPTION OF Eastern Oregon-SOIL AND VEGETATION-FERTILITY OF THE Soil-The GREAT WHEAT VALLEYS OF EASTERN OREGON— FOREST GROWTHS-GREAT SIZE OF Forest Trees-WATER SUPPLY-Climate AND RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS-METEOROLOGICAL TABLE OF PORTLand, Roseburg, UMATILLA, ASTORIA, AND Corvallis-Geology and MINERAL WEALTH-FOSSILS-GOLD AND SILVER-LEAD AND COPPER-IRON AND COAL-EXCELLENCE OF THE COAL-Zoology-OreGON FISHES-AGRICUL TURAL AND PASTORAL PRODUCTS-Table of CROPS AND LIVE-STOCK-FISHERIES-THE SALMON TRADE-TIMBER AND LUMBER PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS -WHEAT AND FLOUR EXPORts-Wool-TOTAL EXPORTS—MANUFACTURES -LABOR-WAGES-PRICE OF LAND AND FACILITIES FOR OBTAINING IT— RAILROADS AND RIVER NAVIGATION-FINANCES-EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES— HIGHER AND SPECIAL EDUCATION-POPULATION-TABLE-CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION-INDIAn ReservatioNS AND TRIBAL INDIANS-Counties AND PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS-RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS-HISTORICAL DATA-THE TITLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO OREGON.

OREGON is one of the States of "Our Western Empire," situated on the Pacific slope, and, except Washington Territory, is the most northwesterly of the States and Territories comprised within the limits assigned to that "Empire." It is between the parallels of 42° and 46° 18' north latitude, and between the meridians of