edible in the waters of the Pacific and the Gulf, and in the thousands of fresh and salt lakes, and the numerous rivers of this vast region. Among these are ten species of the Salmonidæ, native to the Pacific coast, besides several others now naturalized; the taking, packing and canning of the salmon forms one of the largest and most rapidly increasing industries of Oregon and Washington Territory; the rivers and lakes swarm with trout. Seven or eight species of the cod family, about twenty species of eels, ten of mackerel, and two of the bonita or Spanish mackerel, numerous species of the perch family and its congeners, the blue-fish, eight or nine species of bass, the lake white-fish (introduced); three species of tautog; one, the red-fish, a most delicious table fish; about twenty species of flat-fish and flounders; twelve species of shad, herring, anchovies, etc.; nearly thirty of the carp tribe, weak-fish, balloon-fish; and over forty of the cartilaginous. fishes, sharks, rays, sun-fish, sturgeons, etc., etc. There are seventy-five species of mollusks, including a great variety of clams, quahaugs, oysters, mussels, scollops, and fresh-water unionidae, whelks, limpets, sea-snails, cuttle-fish, polypi, octopi, squids, nautili, etc.

Of crustaceans, there are about twenty species, including lobsters, crabs, hard and soft shell, king crabs, star-fish, fresh-water lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, etc.

No country in the world has a larger proportion of excellent pasturage land. While much of this is as yet unoccupied by herdsmen, the amount of live-stock is increasing at an exceedingly rapid rate. The estimates of the Agricultural Department at Washington, which, on live-stock, especially in the West, are generally considerably below the truth, gave, in December, 1878, 3,807,500 horses, more than one-third of all in the United States; 630,300 mules, about the same proportion of the whole; 3,650,000 milch cows, about one-third of the whole number in the Union; 11,588,000 other cattle, or more than one-half of the whole; 19,000,000 sheep, or one-half of the whole; and 12,000,ooo swine, or almost two-fifths of the whole. The number in December, 1879, not yet reported, must be at least twenty per cent. in advance of these figures.

INCREASE of popULATION.

63

CHAPTER V.

POPULATION-THE INCREASE SINCE 1870-TABLE SHOWING THE ESTIMATED INCREASE IN Each State and Territory—Notes in reGARD TO EACH STATE AND TERRITORY.

THIS whole region is new to settlement, except the States of Missouri and Arkansas; the former was admitted into the Union in March, 1821, and the latter June 15th, 1836. Nine of the other States or Territories have been organized with their present boundaries over thirty-five years, and several of the States and all the Territories are less than thirty years old. According to the census of 1870, there were in the whole region west of the Mississippi 6,877,069 inhabitants, besides nearly 300,000 tribal or wild Indians. The growth of population since that time has been almost incredibly rapid. In order to show how rapid has been the growth of this region we present herewith the results of the census taken in June, 1880-the official figures where it was possible to obtain them, and the approximations in round numbers, where it was not. We have added to these the number of Indians on reservations, in every State or Territory where there were large reservations, taking our figures from the latest report of the Indian Office in 1879. It will be seen that the present population aggregates 11,421,274, an increase of 4,544,205, or about 67.5 per cent., within the last ten years. The great States regard an increase of ten or eleven per cent. in the population in ten years as a remarkably rapid growth, and only one or two of them attain that; but here has been an increase of more than six times their best growth in the same time; while fully three-fourths of this advance has been achieved during the last four or five years.

The following table shows the extraordinary growth of some of these States and Territories; and we explain below the causes which have induced this exceptional growth.

(a) Colorado owes its rapid growth in the last decade to its superb climate, to its great advantages as a herding region, and above all to the extraordinary discoveries of rich ores of silver and gold on both the eastern and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, in the San Juan district, in Leadville and vicinity, at Silverton, Ouray, Gunnison, and many other points of Western Colorado.

(b) Iowa is essentially a prairie State, with a rich and fertile soil, and being gridironed by railroads, most of them having land-grants, and its advantages diligently made known, it has made large additions to its population.

(c) Kansas owes its almost miraculous growth to its favorable location, to its excellent farming lands, and especially to the great enterprise and energy, with which the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad has opened to settlement and to markets, the whole upper Arkansas valley, one of the finest farming and grazing regions on the continent.

(d) Minnesota owes much of its growth to its fine climate, its rich wheat lands, especially those of the valley of the Red river of the North, and to the great enterprise of both her farmers and manufacturers, by which her wheat and flour have become known all over the world, as the finest produced anywhere. (e) Nebraska has made a great advance within ten years, almost quadrupling her population, mainly through her excellent situation, her fine, arable lands, and the great efforts made by the Union Pacific and other land endowed roads, to make her advantages known.

Oregon has been largely built up by emigration called thither by her extensive salmon fisheries, her immense lumber business, the great fertility and productiveness of her soil, and her rich and valuable mines. Her facilities for water communication have been of great advantage in bringing her products to market; but as yet railways have not aided largely in developing her territory. (g) Texas has received large additions to its population from several causes: its fine cotton and sugar lands have attracted very many settlers from the Atlantic and Gulf States of the South, as well as from the Mississippi valley, who hoped to better their condition by the change; her vast ranges for cattle, and

INCREASE OF POPULATION.

65 the double demand for cattle for the ranges of the New Northwest, and for beef for the English and French markets, have drawn great numbers of ranchmen, herdmen, cattle-buyers, etc., to the State. There has been also a large immigration of English farmers and laborers, and of the best class of Germans to the State; and the extension of several of the railroad lines has induced a considerable influx of people from Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. (h) Arizona has not grown so rapidly as some of the other Territories, for, until recently, she has had difficulties with the Indian tribes, and her arid soil, most of which can only be cultivated successfully by irrigation, was still arid for want of the means to build irrigating canals, or bore artesian wells; her mines, which were and are exceedingly rich, were almost inaccessible for want of railroad and wagon road facilities. These difficulties are now in course of removal, the Southern Pacific having reached Tucson, the former capital, and the Territory is responding most heartily to the new impulse it has received within the past two years. The Indians, under the efficient management of Governor Frémont, are friendly and peaceful, and heavy and continued rains. have changed the face of nature. Its mines are richer, and its lands more fertile than they have been thought to be.

(i) Dakota has made the most extraordinary growth of any State or Territory in the entire West, and this has been due to several causes, operating in different sections, at nearly the same time. Southeastern Dakota has been the portion of the Territory best known, and its fertile lands have attracted emigrants from Europe, as well as from the Eastern States. The Mennonites established a large colony here, and the Catholics are now purchasing lands for the same purpose. This section lying north and east of the Missouri river, and in the lower valley of the Dakota or James river, is very accessible, both by the Missouri and Dakota rivers, and by three railroad lines which penetrate this region. Northeastern Dakota owes its rapid growth almost entirely to two railways, and the enterprise with which they have advertised their lands; the Northern Pacific, which in the face of the greatest difficulties has opened a line nearly across the Territory, above the 46th parallel, and has brought into market some of the finest and most productive lands in the Northwest; and the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba road, and its branches, which have opened to settlement the whole valley of the Red river of the North, which sent to market in 1878, 5,600,000 bushels of the finest spring wheat. The Black Hills Region, in Southwestern Dakota, was first brought into notice by the discovery there of immense deposits of gold and silver. Much of the region around is barren, but the mines are exceedingly rich, and the population is rapidly increasing.

(j) Montana has as yet no railroads, except the extension of the Utah Northern, but soon will have; the Northern Pacific crossing the Territory about midway, and the Utah and Northern penetrating it from the south, eventually to meet the Northern Pacific. The latter road has recently reached Helena, the capital. The Missouri river is navigable for most of its course in the Territory, as is the Yellowstone, though partially obstructed by rapids.

But Montana has many fertile and very rich valleys, excellent pasture lands, and some of the best gold and silver mines in the whole Northwest. Its population will greatly increase in the next decade.

(1) Utah has grown rapidly in spite of great obstacles, and mainly by emigration of two kinds: of Mormons from Europe, and of "Gentiles,” i. e., NonMormons, from the Eastern States, drawn thither by its exceedingly rich mines. The ores of the Territory in all directions seem to yield greater quantities of gold and silver than almost any others which have been opened; and with greater facilities of access they must at no distant date pour a volume of gold and silver into the markets of the world which will make great changes in the prices of other commodities.

CHAPTER VI.

THE NATIONALITIES AND RACES REPRESENTED THE INDIANS-DIFFERENT TRIBES, AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS-THE MOQUIS OF ARIZONA-NOTE CONCERNING THEM-AFRICANS AND COLORED Persons generally-Chinese AND JAPANESE-HISPANO-AMERICANS—EUROPEANS OF DIFFERENT NATIONalities-British, BRITISH AMERICAN, GERMAN, SCANDINAVIAN, FRENCH, ITALIAN, SPANISH, etc.-AMERICANS BORN IN The States.

INCLUDING the Indians in the Indian Territory, the Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona, and the Indians employed on ranches in California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, and the tribal Indians on the plains and elsewhere, there are probably not less than 300,000 Indians of all races in the Great West.

These Indians are of many tribes, and their languages, habits and modes of life differ materially. A comparatively small number evidently belong to two of the races which preceded the North American Indian on this continent. The Pueblos of New Mexico, who are also found in small numbers in Arizona, have their name from their practice of living in towns or villages, pueblo being the Mexican name for a town or village. They live in adobe houses, cultivate the soil, and though in secret idolaters, are outwardly obedient to the priests, and devout Catholics. They are a quiet, patient, good-tempered race, evidently Aztec, and having no other affinity with the American Indians than their color and hair. There are several villages in Arizona,