make use of the space at my disposal to give a greater number of direct references than would otherwise have been possible.

I had intended at one time to print the names of places in a separate Index, and had actually prepared the MS. I designed also to add an Index of authorities, and such an Index was partly compiled; but upon fuller consideration I have entirely abandoned the latter, as being somewhat more pretentious than useful; and have included all names of places in the General Index, as being, on the whole, more convenient for reference.

For her great and ever-willing assistance in the preparation of these various published and unpublished Indexes, I have to thank my friend, Miss Reinhart, though the ultimate responsibility for their accuracy is, and must be, entirely my own.

The following general authorities have been so frequently cited by me in the course of the work, that in order to avoid much vain repetition, I have usually referred to them in the abbreviated form that is set down below :MARIANA-Historia general de España, Juan de Mariana, 9 vols. (Valencia, 1783-96).

MASDEU-Historia Critica de España, Juan Francisco de Masdeu, 20 vols. (Madrid, 1783-1805).

LAFUENTE-Historia general de España, Modesto Lafuente, 26 vols. (Madrid, 1850-62).

GAYANGOS-History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, from the Arabic, &c., &c., Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (1840).

FORD-Murray's Handbook for Spain. The date of publication is added to every reference. The earlier editions are historically the most valuable, as well as the most. racy. The first edition was suppressed-as somewhat too racy?—immediately on publication, in 1845. Of this only five copies now exist, one of which is in the British Museum Library.

Of the Second Edition, for all practical purposes the first published, also in 1845, two thousand copies are

said to have been sold in a few months; a second edition was published in 1847, the last in 1892.

DUNHAM-Lardner's Cabinet of History, &c., &c., Spain and Portugal, by Samuel Astley Dunham, 5 vols. (1832). Dozy, HISTOIRE-Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne, by Reinhart Pieter Dozy, 4 vols. (Leyden, 1861).

Dozy, RECHERCHES-Recherches sur l'histoire politique et littéraire de l'Espagne, 2 vols. (Leyden, 1881).

ESP. SAGRAD.-España Sagrada, &c., &c. (1754-1879), by F. H. Florez, continued by D. Vincente de la Fuente. Volume 51 was published in 1879.

CALENDAR, &c.—Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, relating to the negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Simancas and elsewhere. Edited by G. A. Bergenroth, vol. i. (1485— 1509), London, 1862. Vol. ii. (1509-1525) was published in 1866, and a third volume, supplementary to vols. i. and ii., in 1868.

DOCUMENTOS INEDITOS-Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos para la Historia de España. Tom. i. (1842), is by Don Martin Fernandez Navarrete, Don Miguel Salvá, and Don Pedro Sainz de Barander. The last that I have had the opportunity of consulting is that published in 1893 by the Marques de la Fuensanta del Valle.

Among other books that I have constantly cited, representing as it were the two poles of religious or ecclesiastical thought and criticism, are the Historia de los Heterodoxos Españoles, por Don Marcelino Menendez Pelayo,1 three vols. (Madrid, 1880); and Mr. Henry Charles Lea's History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, three vols. (London, 1888), a perfect storehouse of knowledge, and a monument of painstaking and intelligent research.

1 I write this gentleman's name as he himself prints it on the title page of this work. He is usually spoken of as Menendez y Pelayo, and so describes himself on the title page of his little volumes upon La Ciencia Español.

Of all the kind friends who have in various ways assisted and encouraged me in the course of my work, it would be impossible to speak. Yet must I set down a word of the gratitude that I feel to Mr. Cecil Bendall-but for whom the work might never have been written; and Mr. John Bury— but for whom it might never have been published, for their constant and practical help, counsel, and criticism; to Mr. John Ormsby, for many valuable suggestions, conveyed in most delightful letters; and to Don Juan Riaño, for suggestions no less valuable, and conveyed by word of mouth during my last visit to Madrid, where the genial hospitality of Sir Henry Drummond and Lady Wolff has added to the many agreeable recollections that I treasure of that much abused but to me ever sympathetic city. Among the many friends whom I have to thank for help in the preparation of my chapter on Spanish Music-a chapter which, I am not ashamed to confess I have re-written four times-I cannot pass over the name of Dr. Culwick; and in the final revision of the pages dealing with Architecture as well as Music, and of other chapters in my second volume, I have been greatly and most kindly assisted by Dr. Mahaffy. To the librarians and bookmen, great and small, in Bloomsbury, in St. James's Square, in Kildare Street, in Trinity College, Dublin, and in other public and private libraries at home and abroad, I am under a substantial debt of gratitude, of which so general an acknowledgment is very far from being an adequate requital.

I have, finally, to acknowledge with much gratitude, and not, I confess, without some pride, the liberality of the Board of Trinity College in making a pecuniary grant to me in aid of the expenses of publication, a compliment whose value is enhanced by the manner in which the offer was conveyed to me, and the unconditional nature of the gift.

CHRISTMAS EVE, 1894.