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and conquests of Charlemagne; France, Germany, and Italy united;

France separated from the empire; state of France under the Carlovin-

gian race; feudal system all powerful; debilitated condition of the kings;

accession of Hugh Capet; reigns of his successors; Croisades, their

origin and effects; decline of the feudal system and aggrandized power

of the crown; aggrandizement of the French monarchy under Phillip

Augustus; the university of Paris becomes famous; the city enlarged;

the streets of Paris first paved; arts and sciences begin to revive; wars

with England; miserable state of France at the accession of Charles V.

and of Charles VII; France in subjection to England; Maid of Orleans;

expulsion of the English; a standing army established by Charles VII;

augmented by Louis XI; tyrannical reign of Louis XI; he reduces the
nobles; almost annihilates the feudal system; his character; religious
wars of France; horrid Bartholomew massacre; nobles again acquire
power and almost independence; vigorous administration of Cardinal
Richelieu; total overthrow of the feudal system; monarchy rendered
absolute; reign of Louis XIV; his wars and improvements; progress
of infidelity in the reign of Louis XV; reign of Louis XVI; causes of
the revolution; its horrid enormities; its dreadful consequences to
France and to Europe; revolutionary wars; elevation of the emperor
Napoleon; his successes; general review of the history of France; views
of society in France at different periods; its various revolutions, &c. ;
reflections on the late tremendous events of the important history of
that country. Vol. II. p. 185 to 342.

CHAP. IV.-Present state political and moral; religion, government,

army, navy, revenues, commerce, manufactures, population, political

importance, language, literature, polite arts, education, manners, nation-

al character. Vol. II. p. 343 to 350.

BELGIUM,

AND THE OTHER ACQUISITIONS OF FRANCE IN THAT QUARTER.

CHAP. I.-Face of the country, &c.—Vol. II. p. 351 to 353.

CHAP. II.-Principal cities, &c.-Brussels, Ghent, Antwerp, Bruges,

Mons, Namur, Luxembourg, Louvain, &c. description of those cities;

their ancient and modern state, commerce, manufactures, &c.-Vol.

II. p. 354 to 357.

CHAP. III.-Historical view, progress of society, of arts, sciences, litera-
ture, and commerce.-History of Belgium, chiefly commercial; early
progress in trade and opulence; state of its commerce in the middle
ages; the immense wealth of the cities of Bruges, Ghent, and Antwerp;
Belgium transferred to the house of Austria; decline of its trade;
Belgium joins in the general revolt against Spain; reduced to subjec-

BATAVIAN KINGDOM.

the possession of Spain; its subjection to the Romans; Spain conquer

ed by the Vandals; kingdom of the Visigoths; conquest of Spain by

the Arabians; magnificence of the Spanish Caliphate; its flourishing

state in regard to literature and science; formation of the Spanish

kingdom of Asturias; wars during almost seven centuries between the

Christians and Mahommedans of Spain; gradual formation of the dif-

ferent Spanish kingdoms; progress of the Spanish and decline of the

Arabian power; causes of this change; the Spaniards begin to make

some advances in science and cultivation; the long wars give rise to a

peculiar state of society and government in Spain, origin of the Spanish

marine; all the Spanish kingdoms united; Granada, the last of the

Moorish or Arabian kingdoms, conquered; America discovered; con-

stitutions of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon; political and social

picture of Spain prior to the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella; adminis-

tration of Cardinal Ximenes; his character; dreadful commotions in

the reign of Charles V ; war of the commons against the nobles; estab-

lishment of absolute monarchy on the ruins of the two parties; exten-

sion of the Spanish commerce by the discovery of America; Spain ex-

hausted by the ambition and obstinacy of Philip II; expulsion of the

Moors and Jews; impolicy and inhumanity of that measure; wars with

France; mismanagement of the Spanish government in regard to the

American trade; rapid decline of Spain; review of its causes; the his-

tory of Spain extremely instructive and interesting; accession of the

Bourbon family; subsequent events of the Spanish history.—Vol. II. p.

445 to 501.

CHAP. 1.-Situation, extent, face of the country, &c.-Vol. III. p. 3 to 9.

CHAP. II-Chief cities, edifices.-Lisbon, description of the city, its fine

situation, its commerce, manners of its inhabitants, &c.-Environs of

Lisbon; Oporto, its commerce in wine; Coimbra, Evora.—Vol. III.

p. 10. to 18....

CHAP. III.-Historical view, progress of society, &c.-Foundation of the
Portuguese monarchy; total expulsion of the Arabians; discoveries
and conquests of the Portuguese in Africa and Asia; gallant exploits
of that nation; vast commercial empire of the Portuguese; Portugal

falls under the dominion of Spain; recovers her independence, but
not her trade and maritime power; subsequent transactions; inactivi-
ty of Portugal in latter times; causes of the decline of Portugal; gene-
ral observations on Portuguese history; imprudence of the Portuguese
government in rejecting the friendship of England, and entering into
the views of France; emigration of the court to Brazil.-Vol. III. p.

19 to 30.

CHAP. IV-Present state political and moral, religion, government, laws,
army, navy, revenues, commerce, manufactures, population, political
importance, language, literature, polite arts, education, manners, cus-
toms, and national character.—Vol. III. p. 31 to 36.

ITALY.

CHAP. I.—Situation, extent, face of the country, mountains, rivers,
canals, mineralogy, soil, climate, vegetable productions, zoology, na-
tural curiosities, antiquities.-Vol. III. p. 37 to 42.

CHAP. II.-Principal cities, edifices, islands.-Description of ancient and
modern Rome; monuments of ancient magnificence; modern struc-
tures; commerce; population; manners of the people; environs of
Rome; Naples, delightful situation; beautiful environs; magnificent
prospects; description of the city, its commerce and manufactures;
population; manners of the inhabitants, &c. Florence, Milan, Venice,
Genoa, description of those cities and their environs; their principal
edifices, commerce, manufactures, and state of society.-Islands.
Caprea, Malta, Sardinia, Sicily.-Geographical features; Mount Etna;
its vast forests; perpetual snow; volcano; stupendous view from its
summit; description of Palermo ; history of Sicily; its numerous revo-
lutions.-Vol. III. p. 43 to 68.

.

CHAP. III.-Historical view; origin and rise of Rome; gradual pro-
gress of the Roman republic; splendour and luxury of Rome in the
latter ages of the republic and under the emperors; revolutions of the
Roman empire from the accession of Augustus to its final subversion,
with views of society; Roman levies; Roman tactics; miserable and
almost depopulated state of Italy after the subversion of the empire;
becomes part of the empire of Charlemagne; after repeated struggles,
shakes off the authority of the emperors ; rise and aggrandizement of
the papal power; formation of new principalities; decline of Rome ;
fortified towers of the Roman barons; dilapidation, or demolition of
the ancient monuments of Roman grandeur; origin of the Italian cities;
their wars with the barons; ages of anarchy; sketch of the history of
the principal states of Italy, and the decline of the papal authority; of
Florence, Venice, Genoa, and Milan; establishment of the new king-
doms of Italy and Etruria.-Vol. III. p. 69 to 142.

HELVETIC REPUBLIC.

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

PRUSSIAN MONARCHY.

CHAP. I. Situation, extent, face of the country, &c.-Vol. III. p.

190 to 192.

CHAP. II.-Principal cities and edifices.-Berlin, description of the
city and its environs; Potsdam, Konigsberg, Breslaw, Dantzick, lately

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