complete the richness of this magnificent picture*. The emperor's tent standing in front of the camp on the right, the ground near it was chosen for the celebration of the fete.

The manner in which the French soldiers employed themselves in their different camps is a proof that the national gaiety and taste for ornament are not yet extinct. Hardly three months ago,' says the Journal de Paris, 'the place of encampment near Ostend consisted of nothing but unfruitful plains, stagnant waters, and barren downs: in the room of these deserts the astonished traveller now beholds long avenues of tents, constructed in a manner both solid and agreeable. Obelisks, pyramids, and columns, in the best state, surmounted with statues of the emperor, every where delight the eye, and for the first time on this spot, the spectator beholds charming gardens, delicious parterres, and green turf bounding the sands of the ocean. The entrance of the camp, on the left, presents the most striking appearance; that on the right, though less regular, has a most picturesque coup d'ail. Every regiment has its garden, each company its square bed, and a little well for watering the plants and flowers which it cultivates. The idea of property to which all men are naturally attached, renders this warlike residence of the soldier more agreeable to him: he employs all bis leisure in adorning what he conceives to be his own; he detests idleness, and finds a pleasure in labour when he is allowed to reap the fruits of it: this insures the vigour of his health, and the pleasures of his existence. The traveller stops, with astonishment, in the midst of these numberless gardens, and views, with surprise, the ingenious emblems with which they are decorated. Every soldier has a pleasure in shewing the beauties of the camp; and the perpetual activity which is kept up by military exercises, horticultural pursuits, and the visits of numberless strangers from all countries, deserves the attention of the politi cal observer. The most intimate union prevails among the different corps of the army, which is not disturbed by a noble emulation in military exercises, and produces the most happy effects on the whole of the service. The soldier has here created every thing around him, the enormous downs have disappeared, the ruggedness of the ground has been smoothed, and all the other obstacles of nature have yielded to his active industry. The writer then enters into a long and tedious detail of all the monuments in turf and in stone, which the soldiers raised in honour of the emperor; but as these present no great variety, and are remarkable only for their disgusting flattery, they are not wor thy to be repeated.

occupy the kingdom of Naples, as long as the Russian armies retained possession of Corfu, as long as the British forces held Malta, and the peninsula of Italy was every instant in danger of becoming the theatre of war between the greatest powers of Europe.

It must be evident that this solemn farce was prepared, and the parts assigned to the several performers, under the immediate direction of the French government. The whole proceeding is too much in the stile of coarse and vulgar policy to impose even upon the most careless observer. It would appear, indeed, as if Bonaparte had scarcely condescended to attempt concealing the real nature of the transaction. The motives also which led to the limitations in the descent of the crown, and to the hope which was held out that Bonaparte might, at some, future period, be induced to resign the sceptre, are sufficiently clear and intelligible. The separation of the two governments had been stipulated at the pacification of Luneville, and it was a part of the policy of the French cabinet to profess upon all occasions a religious respect for the obligation of treaties. The continuance of the war, however, afforded a pretext for the temporary union of the two crowns; Europe, in the mean time, would become gradually accustomed to the state of things; and before the termination of the contest some other excuse, equally satisfactory and valid, might be found to justify the permanent establishment of the system. Bonaparte had also an opportunity of making a signal display of his moderation, in declining to accept in its full extent the offer made by the Italian deputies; and a specious answer was furnished, by the terms of this settlement, to those who might object, that by placing the crown upon his head, Italy would become a mere province of France and her national independence be for ever annihilated.

Bonaparte soon after made a journey to Italy, to assume, with the requisite solemnities, the crown of his new kingdom. The ceremony was performed on the 26th of May, in.

the cathedral church of Milan, by Cardinal Caprara the archbishop of that city, who was authorised by the pope to preside upon this occasion. In the preparations for this grand spectacle, a suitable and prudent attention had been paid to the influence of external splendour, and to the weight derived from the authority of religion, and the veneration paid to antient and established forms. Bonaparte, wearing the two diadems of France and Italy, bearing the sceptre and the hand of justice, and clothed with the royal mantle, proceeded in the midst of a magnificent and solemn procession from the palace to the cathedral. He was met at the entrance of the church by the cardinal and the clergy, and the air was perfumed with the incense which was burnt in the presence of their new sovereign. 'Sire,' said the cardinal, addressing Bonaparte, deign to accept in this sacred temple, chosen by your majesty for the solemn ceremony of your coronation, the homage of the clergy and people of Milan; and look with the eyes of a tender father upon the assembly of cardinal, bishops, and clergy, who this day unite with me to celebrate that august event, and to implore the Author of all good to shower down upon your imperial and royal person an abundance of all heavenly blessings.' Bonaparte was then introduced to the sanctuary, and conducted to a throne which was decorated with the insignia of the French empire and of the kingdom of Italy. The insignia of Charlemagne were placed at the entrance of the sanctuary in front of the altar. Upon this altar the royal ornaments were then deposited, and the cardinal pronounced over them his solemn benediction. Bonaparte, advancing from his throne, received from the hand of the cardinal the ring, and other ensigns of royalty. He then ascended the steps of the altar, and taking in his hands the crown of iron, the ancient crown of the kings of Lombardy, he placed it with a determined air upon his head, pronounc ing at the same time with a firm voice these emphatical words, 'Dieu me la donne, gare a qui la touche.' He then returned it to the altar; and taking the crown of Italy, placed

it in like manner, amidst the acclamations of the spectators, upon his head. From the sanctuary Bonaparte, proceeding to the body of the church, ascended the throne which had been raised for this occasion, attended by the great officers of state, and surrounded by all the ensigns of power, and with every circumstance of studied magnificence and pomp. The grand almoner upon his knee presented the volume of the gospels, and the oath of coronation was delivered by the president of the councils. Bonaparte having pronounced the oath, a herald immediately proclaimed in a loud voice, Napoleon, emperor of the French, and king of Italy, is crowned and enthroned.-Long live the emperor and king!' in the same instant all the attendants repeated, Long live the emperor and king!' and the church resounded with the shouts and applause of the multitude. The ceremony was concluded with a Te Deum, and the procession returned to the palace.

While Bonaparte was employed at Milan in settling the constitution and civil code of his new kingdom, his agents were actively engaged in another quarter in preparing the way for a fresh act of usurpation. The republic of Genoa, notwithstanding the narrrow limits of its territory, had occupied a distinguished place in the history of modern Europe. It was indebted for this celebrity partly to accidental causes, and partly to the advantages of its situation and the enterprising spirit of its people. The various revolutions of this republic, its alternate state of freedom and of subjection to foreign influence, are familiarly known. The period, however, had at length arrived when even the forms of national independence were to terminate; and the republic was destined to be absorbed and lost in the immense and overwhelming mass of the French empire. The disastrous events which resulted from this revolution, the war of which it appears to have been the immediate occasion, and the fatal issue of that war, not merely to the greatness of the house of Austria, but

to the general liberties of Europe, will render it an event for ever memorable in the history of mankind.

The foundations of this measure were laid several months before Bonaparte's journey to Italy. Under pretence that the Genoese were incapable of protecting themselves from the depredations of the Barbary powers, a treaty was concluded on the 20th of Oct. 1804, between that republic and Salicetti, the French minister, upon the part and in the name of his government. By this treaty Bonaparte engaged either to procure for the Genoese a peace with the corsairs of Africa, or to allow them to make use of the French flag for the security of their commerce. It was stipulated also, that upon payment of a small duty the importation of all Genoese commodities should be permitted into Piedmont and the territories of Parma and Placentia. As an equivalent for these advantages, Genoa engaged to furnish 6000 seamen to France during the war. By another article she ceded to that power her harbours, together with the arsenal, galley-harbour, dockyard, and basin, and engaged at her own expence to enlarge the latter, so as to render it capable of receiving the ten ships of the line, which she undertook to build for France.

At the time when this convention was signed, a ship of the line, a frigate, and two corvettes recently finished, were lying in the dock of Genoa. It was further agreed that these vessels should be placed at the disposal of the French government. By the provisions of this treaty, which were evidently dictated by Bonaparte himself, he acquired complete possession of all the naval means and resources of the Genoese republic.

But this arrangement was from its nature merely temporary. Bonaparte was resolved that it should assume a more permanent character, he was resolved to possess the form as well as the substance of power, and he determined therefore upou the permanent annexion of the republic to the French empire. The particular situation of the Genoese territories seems to have been a principal motive to this measure. That