place, and to join the corps under General Jellachich. This order, however, from some inistake or delay, was not executed. In the mean time Marshal Soult, having left Landsberg, sat down on the 13th before Memmingen. On the following day the garrison capitulated, and were made prisoners of war. From Memmingen this division of the enemy immediately proceeded to Biberach, for the purpose of intercepting the Austrian communications in that quarter.

After the battles of Wertingen and Guntzburg, Bonaparte repaired to the city of Augsburg, from which place he again returned on the 13th to the camp before Ulm. He issued immediate orders to force the bridge and position of Echlingen. This post, of great importance in the present situation of the armies, was defended by a body of 16,000 Austrians. The contest was long and obstinate. The French charged with their usual briskness and impetuosity; while the Austrians fought with all the fury of despair. Great numbers fell on both sides; but at length the Austrians were broken and driven from the field, and the French remained masters of Echlingen. Upon the same day, after a series of sharp and stubborn conflicts, the French under General Lannes possessed themselves of the heights of Michel Galgen and Kuhe in the vicinity of Ulm, while on the other side General Marmont occupied the bridges at the confluence of the Iller and the Danube. The situation of the Austrian army was now desperate. It was nearly encircled by the enemy, and was compelled to seek refuge within the walls of Ulm. Prince Ferdinand was still in the city. He was desirous, however, of endeavouring, by a secret and rapid movement, to rescue at least a part of the army from the disgrace of a capitulation. Two divisions under Generals Hohenzollern and Werneck, in pursuance of the plan which we have already mentioned, had been detached from the main army, and ordered to take the road to Heydenheim. It was already night; the rain fell in torrents; but every moment was of importance. At the head of four squadrons of cavalry well mounted and equipped,

the prince suddenly withdrew from the city, and proceeded with the utmost expedition to Aalen.

Upon the two following days the French were employed in making preparations for a general assault. The city was surrounded by a broad ditch filled with water; the fortifications were weak and unfinished. But a brave and veteran army, consisting of more than 30,000 men might have made at fierce and dreadful resistance; and the Austrian commander had issued a proclamation declaring his intention of defending the place to the last extremity. On the night of the 16th there arose a furious tempest: the waters of the Danube overflowed its banks: many of the bridges upon that river, and among the rest the bridge of Echlingen, were swept away by the rapidity of the torrent. The communication between the opposite sides of the river was interrupted; and a favourable opportunity was thus afforded to the Austrian army to endeavour to force its way through the posts of the enemy. But the commander was deficient in enterprise and activity: he had seen within the short compass of ten years the complete destruction of a powerful and gallant army which had been entrusted to his command; his spirits were subdued by the extent and complication of his misfortunes and no attempt was therefore made to profit from this unforeseen and fortuitous occurrence.

A conference had been held between Prince Lichtenstein and Bonaparte upon the terms of capitulation. The prince required that the Austrian army should be permitted to return home, upon condition that none of the troops should serve again until they were exchanged. 'What security,' said Bonaparte, 'can I receive for the punctual performance of this engagement?" After a moment's pause he resumed, 'I will rely upon the word of Prince Ferdinand. If he is in the city, I will give him this proof of my esteem, hoping that the court of Vienna will respect the engagement of one of its princes.' He was informed that Prince Ferdinand had withdrawn from Ulm. I cannot then be sure,' he resumed,

'that the condition will be performed;' and he refused to accede to the demand.

On the 17th the terms of the capitulation were finally settled. The garrison was allowed to march out with all the honours of war: the officers were permitted to return home upon their parole; the soldiers were to be sent prisoners to France. It was further stipulated, that if by noon on the eighth day after the convention, a force sufficient to raise the blockade of the city should arrive at Ulm, the capitulation should no longer be binding, and that the garrison might then act as circumstances should render it expedient.

As soon as Bonaparte was informed that a part of the army had withdrawn from Ulm, he dispatched Marshal Launes with his corps, and the cavalry under Murat, in pursuit of this division. Prince Ferdinand had effected a junction with the force under Generals Hohenzollern and Werneck; and the latter officer being directed to oppose himself to the progress of Murat, an action took place in the vicinity of Languenau, in which the Austrians were defeated. They still, however, continued their retreat, closely pressed by the enemy, and harassed with continual attacks, At length, exhausted with fatigue and anxiety, they arrived at Nordlingen, In this position they were surrounded by the enemy; and every communication being cut off, they were compelled to capitulate. Prince Ferdinand himself had narrowly escaped being made prisoner at Neresheim. He was at dinner with his officers, when the alarm of the enemy was given, and had scarcely time to mount his horse before they entered the town. After the capitulation at Nordlingen the prince contiqued his flight at the head of the cavalry, and with about fifty pieces of cannon. He was closely pursued by Murat, the rear of the Austrians continually skirmishing with the advanced guard of the enemy. Passing with great expedition through Gunzenhausen, he arrived at Nuremberg in Franconia. Scarcely had he quitted the city before Murat appeared, and a party of Austrians were taken prisoners in

the suburbs. Prince Ferdinand continued his course to Eschenau, and thence to Grafenberg, by the road through the mountains. Here the French abandoned the pursuit, and returned, with their prisoners and a few pieces of cannon which they had taken, to Nuremberg. Prince Ferdinand arrived safely with the remains of his small corps in Bohemia.

Upon the second day after the capitulation of Ulin, another convention was concluded between Bonaparte and the Austrian commander. It had been agreed that the city should be surrendered by the Austrians on the 25th, unless before that period an army should arrive to raise the blockade. Marshal Berthier, in a conference which he afterwards had with General Mack, communicated to him the relative positions of the several columns of the French and Austrian armies, from which it appeared impossible that any succours could reach Ulm within the stipulated time; and he pledged his word of honour for the correctness of his statement. In consequence of this communication, General Mack was persuaded to consent to the immediate surrender of the city, upon condition only that the division under Marshal Ney should remain in the vicinity of Ulm till the expiration of the period which had been fixed by the original capitulation.

It is difficult to discover the motive which induced the Austrian commander to make this extraordinary concession. It could scarcely be supposed that the enemy would have so far relied upon the faith of the capitulation, as to have withdrawn any considerable part of his troops, while an army of more than 30,000 men remained in the city. By this second agreement, however, the whole French force, with the single exception of Marshal Ney's division, was set at liberty, and was left to pursue, without obstruction, the other objects of the campaign. This convention is the more unaccountable, because it does not appear that any correspondent benefit was secured to the Austrians.

During the operations which preceded and accompanied the surrender of Ulm, the rain fell almost without intermis

sion. The rivers overflowed their banks, and the roads in many places were broken up and become almost impassible. Bonaparte, however, was continually in the midst of his troops; he encouraged and animated them to exertion; he shared all their hardships and privations, and distributed upon the field of battle rewards and honours to those who had distinguished themselves in the different encounters with the enemy. By these popular acts he excited a spirit of entbusiasm in his army, which led them not only to encounter danger with alacrity, but to sustain with cheerfulness the severest toils. The dragoons had signalized their valour in the battle of Wertingen. Each regiment was ordered to present a soldier to its emperor; and the individuals thus selected, were decorated with the eagle of the legion of honour. The French relate, that a private, in passing the Lech, had saved the life of his officer, by whom, a few days before he had been degraded. Bonaparte presented him with the eagle. I only performed my duty,' said the soldier; my captain had degraded me on account of some breach of discipline, but he knows that I was always a good soldier.'

On the 20th, the Austrians, according to the terms of the capitulation, marched out of Ulm. The French army occupied the heights. Bonaparte, surrounded by his guards, was a spectator of this humiliating scene. He sent for the Austrian generals, and kept them near his person while the troops defiled. They were treated with great personal attention and respect; but Bonaparte complained of the injustice and aggression of the emperor, and boasted, in a haughty tone, of his own power and resources. I wish for nothing,' he added, ' upon the continent: France desires only to possess ships, colonies, and commerce, and it is for your advantage that we should obtain them.'

The Austrian force which marched out of Ulm amounted to 33,000 men; three thousand sick and wounded remained in the hospitals. There also fell into the hands of the enemy, upon the surrender of the city, fifty standards, and sixty