extremest peril. The French, arriving at Vienna in successive divisions, passed without stopping through the city, and immediately proceeded with the utmost expedition in pursuit of the Russians. The corps. commanded by Marshal Davoust, leaving the main army, marched towards Presburg. On the 14th, Bonaparte himself arrived at Vienna, and took up his residence in the castle of Schoenbrunn, a palace built by the empress Maria Theresa. So rapid had been the progress of the French, and such was the consternation which prevailed, that no effectual measures had been adopted for the removal of the artillery and military stores from the city. Two thousand pieces of cannon, a hundred thousand muskets, and an immense quantity of powder, fell into the hands of the French.

Bonaparte was now in complete possession of upper and lower Austria, and it became necessary to establish a provisional administration for the government of these extensive conquests. A code of regulations was soon prepared, and General Clarke was appointed governor, with very extensive powers. As soon as these important arrangements were completed, Bonaparte left Vienna and repaired to the army in Moravia.

In the mean time Prince Charles was informed of the surrender of Ulm, and of the full extent of the disasters which had occured upon the Danube. It was evident that his army, in its present advanced position, would be exposed to great danger from the progress of the French in Germany; and it was necessary also to endeavour, by every exertion, to protect the capital of the empire. He accordingly prepared to withdraw from Veronetta, and to fall back with his force towards Vienna.

From Laybach the archduke continued his march without interruption to the frontiers of Hungary. Never were the military talents of this prince displayed with greater lustre than in the conduct of this masterly retreat. From the banks of the Adige to Laybach, a distance of two hundred miles, he

was pursued and closely pressed by a superior force, and several partial actions took place, in all of which the enemy met with a brave and determined resistance. With the single exception of General Hillinger's column, which was acci dentally separated from the main body after the battle of Caldiero, the Austrians sustained no very serious loss; and such were the honourable dispositions of the commander, that no part of the artillery or baggage fell into the hands of the French. -Nothing but the preservation of this army, at a juncture so critical, could have saved the house of Austria from complete destruction.

The violation of the neutraliry of Anspach had excited a great sensation at Berlin. Every endeavour had before been made to induce Prussia to join the confederates. But the overtures for this purpose were received with coldness; and the allies had even some reason to apprehend that she might unite herself to France. When intelligence, however, was received that the French and Bavarian army, in defiance of the proclamation of the cabinet of Berlin, and the remonstrances of its officers, had forced a passage through a part of the Prussian territory, immediate preparations were made to avenge this insult. The troops were marched towards the frontiers, and every thing seemed to indicate an approaching war. These events were viewed with great satisfaction by the allies, and they began to entertain sanguine hopes of the speedy co-operation of Prussia. Every exertion was made to profit from her present disposition; and Lord Harrowby was accordingly dispatched to the court of Berlin with proposals from Great Britain. The emperor Alexander, full of zeal for the cause in which he was engaged, resolved to try the effect of a personal interview, and repaired for this purpose to the Prussian capital. He arrived in that city on the 26th of October, and was received with all the attention and respect which were due to his rank and personal character. The emperor continued some days at the Prussian court, and engagements of unalterable friendship were exchanged be

tween the two monarchs. But the cabinet of Berlin soon relapsed into its former system. Before any decisive step could be taken, General Mack had capitulated, and the Austrian army was completely dispersed. These events disposed Prussia to listen to terms of accommodation; and Count Haugwitz was ordered to proceed to the head-quarters of the French army.

It was a part of the plan of operations concerted by the allies, to create a powerful diversion in the north of Germany; and if an army of 30 or 40,000 men had entered the Hanoverian territory towards the close of the month of September, General Bernadotte would have been prevented from march ing to the Danube, and the subsequent disasters in Suabia might have been avoided. It was not, however, till the middle of November, when Vienna was already in the possession of Bonaparte, and the event of the campaign decided, that the confederates assembled their forces in this quarter. This tardiness affords a signal and striking contrast to the activity and vigour of Bonaparte, and is indeed the more inexcusable, since the opening campaign appears to have depended solely upon the choice and determination of the allies.

Another equally unaccountable error was committed in the south of Europe. A treaty stipulating for the neutrality of Naples had been concluded between that country and France, in the month of September. Iu consequence of this agreement, the force under General St. Cyr was withdrawn, and was marched to reinforce the French army in the north of Italy. The combined army of English and Russians, at that time in the Mediterranean, amounted to upwards of 15,000 men. Had this force been landed in the Venetian territory, it would have supplied the place of those battalions which the archduke bad detached to the aid of General Mack, and might perhaps have enabled that prince to obtain some signal advantage over the enemy.

Instead, however, of pursuing this natural course, the combined army landed about the middle of November in the king

dom of Naples, at the distance of several hundred miles from the nearest positions of the enemy. Here it remained entirely inactive; and this force, which might have been employed so beneficially to the allies, produced no effect upon the operations of the campaign. It was impossible to suppose that this measure could have been adopted without the concurrence of the cabinet of Naples; and accordingly, upon the arrival of the combined squadron, the French minister ordered the arms of France to be removed from the door of his hotel, and immediately withdrew to Rome. A proclamation was however received by the Neapolitan government, complaining of the violation of its neutrality, and declaring its utter inability to resist the invaders. But Bonaparte was not of a character to be deceived by these professions; and the only effect of this fruitless and impolitic expedition was to excite the resentment of the French government, and to furnish it with a plausible pretence for overrunning the dominions and subverting the government of Naples.

We have already mentioned that Marshal Davoust, leaving the main army, proceeded with his division from Vienna towards Presburg. When he arrived in the vicinity of that city, he received overtures from Count Palfy, the governor, in the name of the archduke palatine. After some negotiation, it was agreed that the military preparations in Hungary should be discontinued, and the neutrality of the kingdom admitted. The conclusion of this convention, necessary perhaps in the present situation of affairs, reduced the resources of the house of Austria to the army of the Archduke Charles, and the small force under prince John of Lichtenstein, which had united itself to the Russians.

Prince Murat, with the cavalry, having crossed the Danube at Vienna, overtook the allied army of Austrians and Russians at Hollabrun. In the mean time the Counts de Giulay and Stadion had been sent with new overtures to Bonaparte. The emperor of Austria proposed to enter into a negociation for peace, as soon as he could concert measures

for that purpose with the emperor Alexander, who was shortly expected at Olmutz. In consequence of some misconception arising out of these overtures, the commander of the "Austrian division attached to the army of General Kutusow, sent a flag of truce to prince Murat, requesting permission to withdraw from the Russians. This request was readily granted the Austrians retired; and by this movement the Russian division under prince Pangration was exposed to the entire force of the enemy. General Kutusow's army was now in a state of extreme peril. He perceived the difficulties of his situation, and sent the Baron de Wintzingerode to Prince Murat, to propose terms of capitulation. A convention, subject, however, to the ratification of Bonaparte, was soon concluded; by which it was stipulated that the Russian army should retire by a fixed route out of the Austrian dominions. But Bonaparte, who considered that the Russians were now at his mercy, and who was desirous of signalizing himself by a complete victory over their army, refused to ratify the convention. In the mean time General Kutusow had retired with the utinost expedition to Znaim, leaving the division under Prince Pangration still opposed to the enemy. As soou as the answer arrived from Bonaparte, it was communicated to the prince; and upon the expiration of the time limited by the convention, his division was attacked and surrounded by the whole French army. The Russians defended themselves with resolution and spirit; and after a severe conflict, in which great numbers were slain upon both sides, they succeeded in cutting their way through the French, and effected a junction with the main army.

General Kutusow continued his march to Brunn, and passing through that place, gradually retired to Olmutz. The second division of the Russian army was now approaching: the emperor Alexander, with a part of his guards, had already arrived at Olmutz; and the two sovereigns established their head-quarters in that city. At length, on the 27th of November, the junction of the several divisions of the allied