that of her husband's; as to her family, that is of course the same with her brother's, the French emperor. Caroline Bonaparte, in early life, was put apprentice to the mantua-maker Madame Rambaud, at Marseilles. She seems here to have indulged in no splendid visions of a crown, and was perhaps more innocent in her shop than she was likely to be on a throne. Scandal, however, has spoken of her levity in the early part of life, but as she was then scarcely an object of notice, little was of course known of her; and of that little much could not be remembered. It has been too much the habit to cover Bonaparte and his family with every kind of atrocity; to coin new modes of iniquity wherein to array them, and when facts failed, to draw liberally upon invention. It is right that an enemy should not be caressed as our friend; but it is neither charity nor good taste to picture him and his family as fiends, for no other purpose than to increase enmity to abhorrence, and to indispose the nation to that intercourse which may, one time or other, be necessary. When Bonaparte meditated the seizure of the crown of Spain for his brother Joseph, he conferred the vacant throne of Naples upon Murat. Madame Murat was, of course, raised to sovereignty with her husband. Such is her present elevation, and she is likely to retain it as long as the Bonaparte dynasty shall continue. Murat headed the French troops that entered Spain; and when Bonaparte invaded Russia in 1812, he command the cavalry. When the emperor deserted his army, he was appointed his lieutenant-general, and led the wrecks of the combined army into Prussia, where he retired under pretence of bad health.

ALEXANDER BERTHIER, war-minister, and Prince of Neufchatel. He was son to the governor of the war-office, and was joined with him in his employment. Early put on the staff, he served in this manner in America, fought with La Fayette for the liberty of the United States, and obtained the rank of colonel. In the first year of the revolution, he was appointed major-general of the national guard of Versailles, and make himself known there by the most invariable moderation. He went to Metz on the 28th of December, 1791, with the title of adjutant-general, to carry to Generals Luckner and Rochambeau, the staff of Marshal of France. He continued to serve in the army of Luckner, with the title of head of the staff. He passed into that employed against the Vendeans in 1793, gave effectual assistance to Ronsin in taking plans of the revolted country, and had three horses killed under him at the capture of Saumur. In 1796, he was sent to the army of Italy, with the rank of general of division, and contributed greatly to the success of this campaign, filling the important station of head of the staff. In 1797, Berthier was commissioned by General Bonaparte

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to bring the treaty of Campo Formio to Paris. In January, 1798, he received the chief command of the army of Italy, and was charged by the directory to march against the Roman states. He then directed his course to Ancona, of which he took possession, and continued his march to Rome, which he entered with his army early in February. The directory having commanded the destruction of the papal government, General Berthier had a consular government organized there; but he did not stay long in this country, and his devotion to General Bonaparte soon carried him to Egypt, still as his head of the staff. The signal services which he did him in this country also are well known. On his return from Egypt, General Bonaparte associated him in his glory and in his success on the memorable 18th of Brumaire, and soon after appointed him war-minister. Berthier was afterwards generalissimo of the army of reserve, and again accompanied Bonaparte into Italy, where he contributed to the success of the passage of St. Bernard, and to the gaining of the battle of Marengo. He afterwards signed the armistice concluded between the French and Imperial armies. During the summer of 1800, he organized the provisional government of Piedmont, visited some places in Holland, and thence went into Spain on an embassy extraordinary: on his return he resumed the war-ministry, which had been confided to Carnot. As soon as Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor, Berthier was appointed marshal of the empire, great huntsman, and chief of the 1st cohort of the legion of honour. In 1805, the king of Prussia made him knight of his orders, and the elector of Bavaria conferred on him that of St. Hubert. Marshal Berthier accompanied the emperor to Milan, at the time of his coronation as king of Italy, in June, 1805, and on his return he went and made a circuit on the coasts of Manche and Holland. In October, 1805, he was appointed chief of the general staff of the great army of Germany, and contributed anew by his talents and his activity to the brilliant successes which opened this campaign. On the 19th of the same month, he signed, with Mack, the treaty for the surrender of Ulm, and the capitulation of the Austrian army. In the succeeding war with Prussia, Berthier also distinguished himself; and afterwards accompanied his master into Spain, where his zeal and knowledge proved very serviceable. During the late campaign of Moscow, he shared in the disasters that overtook the French grand army, but suceeded in escaping into Prussia. During Bonaparte's victorious progress Russia, report assigned the crown of Poland to Berthier.

', Duke of Elchingen, marshal of the empire, and chief of the ort in the legion of honour, knight of the Portuguese order of &c. &c., was born in 1769, at Sarre Louis, entered very young

into the colonel-general's Hussar regiment, and passed rapidly through all the subaltern ranks till he attained to that of adjutant-general, which was conferred on him by Kleber, in 1793. Under the command of this general, to whom he attached himself, he required that reputation for valour and talent, which so many splendid achievements have since increased. In 1796, while yet but an adjutant-general, he belonged to the army of Sambre and Meuse, where he displayed the greatest daring, and no inconsiderable degree of talent, particularly on the 4th of June at the battle of Altenkirchen; likewise on the 9th of July at Obermersch, on the 26th at Wurtzburg, which he entered with General Championnet, and on the 8th of August at Forcheim. In that month, after a glorious engagement on the Rednitz, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general on the field of battle, after which he took possession of Rothembourg. In the beginning of April, 1797, he powerfully contributed to the victory gained near Neuwied over the Austrians, whom he charged at the head of the French cavalry; on the 16th, after a very warm contest, he dislodged the enemy at Diersdorff; on the 20th his horse sunk under him near Giessen, when he was exposing himself like a common soldier to save a piece of flying artillery, he was taken prisoner by the Austrians, but soon released on his promise not to serve till he should be exchanged. On the 4th of Septeinber, 1797, he declared vehemently against the Clichien party, which then had the ascendancy in the councils; was raised in 1798 to the rank of general of division, and served as such in 1799 in the army of the Rhine. In October he defeated a body of Austrians at Frankfort, crossed first the Meine, and afterwards the Necker, seized on Manhein, and thus effected a diversion which was a principal cause of the treaty at Zurich, as it forced Prince Charles to send strong detachments to cover his right wing, which was threatened. In 1801 he distinguished himself at Kilmuntz, Ingolstadt, and Hohenlingen, under the command of General Moreau. In July, 1802, the first consul presented him with a splendid Egyptian sabre, and in October following appointed him envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Helvetic republic. On the 25th General Ney was sent into Switzerland, and having disarmed the confederates, busied himself in arranging the government, as his instructions specified, till he was recalled in October, 1803, to take the command of the army at Compeigne, which he quitted for the camp at Boulogne. On the accession of Napoleon Bonaparte to the imperial throne, he was raised to the dig nity of marshal of the empire, and in September, 1804, appointed grand officer and chief of the 7th cohort in the legion of honour. On the 1st of February, 1805, the red ribbon was conferred on him, and he was shortly after created knight of the Portuguese order of Christ.

When war with Austria broke out afresh in September, 1805, he was one of the first generals who crossed the Rhine, and contributed to the successes which began this campaign. After the capitulation of Ulm, he was dispatched with a body of 30,000 men to the right of the grand: army, and drove the Archduke John from the Tyrol, after having seized on the forts of Scharnitz and Neuslarck, he entered Inspruck and Hall, where he found immense magazines; then still pursuing the Archduke John, he defeated his rear-guard on the 17th of November at the foot of Mount Brenner, and after the peace of Presburg, marched his troops into Upper Suabia. After the destruction of Prussia, Ney received a check from the Russian general Benningsen, but afterwards contributed to the successful issue of that war. In the late Russian campaign his whole division was taken or destroyed.

SOULT, a French marshal of the empire, served, under the old gevernment, as a subaltern officer in a regiment of infantry. In the be ginning of the revolution ́he enlisted in a battalion of volunteers of the Haunt Rhin, and became their adjutant major, after which he went as adjutant to the staff of the Moselle army. Being appointed adjutantgeneral, he, as chief of the staff of General Lefevre's division, made the campaigns of 1794 and 1795, in the armies of the Moselle, and of Sambre and Meuse; in 1796 he was appointed general of brigade, then went into Italy, made the campaign of 1799, with distinction, in that country, where he was shut up in Genoa with General Massena. The proofs of talent and courage that he gave on various occasions, gained him in a very particular manner the attention and favour of the government. He afterwards became one of the generals who commanded the infantry of the consul's guard, accompanied the first consul to Brussels in 1803, was appointed commander of the camp of St. Omer, then marshal of France after the accession of the first consul ́to the im perial throne. In September, 1804, he obtained the 4th cohort of the legion of honour, was decorated with the red ribbon on the 1st of February, 1805, and created a knight of the order of St. Hubert of Bava ria in the month of May in the same year. It was he who, when commanding at Boulogne in the beginning of 1805, ánnounced to the government that the English had just thrown on shore balls of cotton infected with the plague, in order to spread that scourge in France! On the recommencement of hostilities with Austria in September, he commanded one of the divisions of the grand army; passed the Rhine at Spire on the 26th of October; fell upon Helibron, then penetrated into Suabia, and seized oti Memmingen, which was so shamefullý surrendered to him without the least resistance by General Spangen; this contributed greatly to the capitulation of Ulm. In November, Marshal

Soult put the enemy's right wing to flight, and contributed, by his manoeuvres, to the success of the battle of Juntersdoff. In February, 1806, he was in Prince Joseph's army which took possession of Naples ; and was, after the ruin of Prussia, appointed to a command in Portugal, where he narrowly escaped from Lord Wellington, who pursued hin into Spain. His present title is Duke of Dalmatia.

MASSENA, a French Marshal, and Prince of Esling. Being a native of the country of Nice, he was at the time of the revolution a subaltern officer in the service of Sardinia, but no sooner did the French troops endeavour to seize on the country, than he joined them, and displaying both talent and intrepidity, was made a superior officer, and afterwards, in the course of 1793, a brigadier-general. During the campaign of that year he gave indubitable marks of genius; on the 24th of November he defeated the Piedmontese at Castel-Geneste, and siezed Figaretto: on the 16th of April, 1794, he defeated a body of Austrians at Ponte di Neva, on the Tanaro; on the 17th made himself master of Ormeo, and on the 29th contributed in a great degree to the victory of Saorgio. In 1795, when he was general of division, he commanded the right wing of the army of Italy, when he continued to signalize himself by his activity, his talents, and his valour. On the 25th of June he firmly repulsed the Austrians who had attacked the posts of Vado and Tersano, and with no less success defended that of Petit Gibralter on the 20th of September. In 1796 he essentially contributed to the glorious issue of the battles which took place on the 10th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th of April, which led to the brilliant subsequent campaign of General Bonaparte, who surnamed him the favourite child of victory. During the latter part of the year 1796, and the beginning of 1797, he distinguished himself in several instances. In April, 1797, General Bonaparte dispatched him to Vienna, on affairs relative to the peace; and on the 1st of May he was sent to Paris by the commanderin-chief to carry the ratification of the preliminaries of peace. His reception in the metropolis was most flattering, and on the 18th of May · an entertainment, terminated by a ball and a supper of 800 covers, was given him in the hall of the Odeon. His division was one of those -which in August the same year sent the most spirited addresses to the directory against the majority of the councils, which were designated as the party of Clichy. Massena was one of the candidates who after the 4th of September, 1797, were put on a list as successors to Carnot and Barthelemy. In February, 1768, he was sent to Rome, and there the army rose against him in so tumultuous a manner that he was forced to remit the command to General Dallemagne, and withdrew he was sometime left unemployed, till in December he received the