command of the army of Helvetia. After having served with such glory as the general of a division, it remained to him to prove his talents as a commander-in-chief, and in the campaign of 1799 he fought the Archduke Charles's army hand to hand for every post in Switzerland; he acquired new glories, and at last completely routed the Russian army before Zurich, under the command of Korsakow. Suwarrow hastened to the relief of his countrymen, but he almost instantly retreated, and thus raised to the highest pitch the glory of Massena, who having clipped the wings of the Russian eagle, re-took St. Gothard, Glaris, and all the vallies, successes which may be said to have then saved France. In December he joined the army of Italy, and his unfortunate campaign of 1800, in that country, far from diminishing, serves to prove the justice of that admiration his military talents inspire. With a handful of soldiers, destitute of money, of provisions, of clothes, and of ammunition, he did all he could do in opposition to the overwhelming numbers commanded by General Melas, and his defence of Genoa does equal honour to the general, who so long, and with so weak a body of troops, succeeded in repulsing the enemy, in governing an immense populace, in making them endure hunger, and in keeping up the spirits of the soldiers in famine, in labour, in misery, and in privation. The first consul, Bonaparte, did justice to his endeavours and his talents, and gave him the command of the army of Italy after the battle of Marengo. Peace at last condemned him to repose, and in July, 1803, the electoral body of the Seine appointed him one of the legislative body; shortly after he went to preside in the electoral college of the maritime Alps; was appointed marshal of the empire on the 17th of May, 1804, then chief of the 14th cohort and grand officer of the legion of houour; in February, 1805, was honoured with the red ribbon, and lastly obtained the order of St. Hubert of Bavaria. When hostilities were renewed with Austria, he was entrusted with the chief command of the army of Italy, arrived at Milan on the 6th of Septem ber, 1805, and established his head-quarters at Veleggio. He opened the campaign by taking Verona, and though he met with some checks under the redoubts of Caldierro, pursued Prince Charles's rear-guard, which was obliged to withdraw in consequence of the ill-success of the Austrians in Germany, crossed the Piave and Tagliamento, and effect, ed a junction with the grand army in November. After signing the treaty of Presburg he returned to Italy, and under the orders of Prince Joseph, directed the march of the army towards the kingdom of Naples. In the succeeding war Massena was entrusted with a command, and displayed great energy and courage. He pursued Lord Wellington to the vicinity of Lisbon, but was in his turn compelled to retire with loss. This seems to have displeased Bonaparte, but he has since been restored

to favour: and, after the defeat of Marmont, resumed the command of the grand army of Spain, but has not been able to retrieve the glory he lost in contending with Lord Wellington.

BERNADOTTE, Marshal of France, and Crown-prince of Sweden, was born at Pau, in Bearn. At the time of the revolution he was a serjeant in the regiment of royal marines, of which M. Merle d'Ambert was colonel. His activity, his talents, and his bravery, advanced him rapidly, and he was commander of a demi-brigade, when Kleber, having distinguished him, employed him in various expeditions, procured for him an appointment to be general of brigade, and soon obtained for him the command of a division of the army of Sambre and Meuse, at the head of which he fought at the battle of Fleurus, 1794. On the 2d of July, 1795, he contributed to the passage of the Rhine, near Neuwied, and in the course of August took the city of Altorf. On the 22d, his division, posted in front of Neumarck, was repulsed, together with the whole army under General Jourdan, but in the retreat Bernadotte distinguished himself as commander of the advanced guard. In 1796 he joined the army of Italy, and shared in the glory of the Tagliamento expedition. General Bonaparte afterwards sent him to Paris, to present to the directory the standards taken at Pischiera after the battle of Rivoli. About the end of September, 1797, he was appointed commandant of Marseilles, but preferred returning to the head of his division. On the 18th of January, 1798, he was sent on an embassy to Vienna, where he did not remain long; for the inhabitants having joined to celebrate a festival to shew their joy at the warlike preparations of their volunteers, designed to combat the French, who the preceding year had menaced their city, Bernadotte thinking this anniversary an insult to his country, on the same day gave a festival in his own palace in honour of the victories of the French arms, and planted on the outside the tri-coloured banner. The people of Vienna exasperated, strove to compel him to remove the banner, the palace was forced, and several guns were fired; shortly after Bernadotte quitted the country, but in his account spoke with respect of the emperor, throwing the whole blame on the Baron de Thugut. About the end of August, 1798, Bernadotte married the daughter of a merchant of Avignon, who was settled at Genoa, named Clary. The young lady, sister-in-law to Prince Joseph Bonaparte, had been originally betrothed to General Duphot, who was killed in a popular tumult at Rome. In 1799, Bernadotte being commander in chief of an army of reserve, bombarded Philipsbourg, and drove from Frankfort the agents of Austria and the emigrants. After that petty revolution of the 19th of May, 1799, Bernadotte was appointed war minister, and acted with sur

prising energy in that department. After the 18th Brumaire he was appointed a state counsellor, and commander in chief of the western army. In several engagements he dispersed the remains of the Chouans, and on the 6th of June, 1800, prevented the English from landing at Quiberon. In June, 1804, he was nominated to the command of the army of Hanover, and a few months afterwards appointed chief of the 8th cohort of the legion of honour. In March, 1805, the King of Prussia conferred on him the title of knight of the black and red eagles, and his example was followed by the Elector of Bavaria, who sent him the badge of the grand order of St. Hubert. Marshal Bernadotte left Hanover with the chief part of his army about the end of September, 1805, and on the 25th of the same month, after having traversed Hesse and the margravate of Anspach, he reached Wurtzburg, where he joined the Bavarians who had just entered into alliance with. France, and soon restored them to their capital, after which he went to the ller, and thence against the Russians, subsequently to the important victory gained at Ulm; when, for his services, he was created Prince of Pontecorvo. After the people of Sweden had dethroned their late king, he became a candidate at the election of a crown-prince, to which high office he was chosen ; but, contrary to the expectations of his late master, he has studiously pursued measures for the good of the country which has adopted him, and has with great address avoided waging actual hostilities against his former friends and patrons.

CHARLES MAURICE TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD, Minister of Foreign Affairs, ci-derant Bishop of Autun, Prince of Benevento, and Vice Arch-chancellor, born at Paris in 1754. As deputy from the clergy to the states-general, he joined the meeting of the commons in the opening of the states-general. He added to talent a great facility of labour and application. His name, his dignity, and his example, operated on a great number of rectors. On the 6th and 7th of July, 1789, he proposed declaring null all authorative mandates. On the 20th of August he procured the adoption of an article concerning the admission of all citizens, without distinction, to all offices. In August, October, and November, he made speeches on the finances; and in January, 1790, he became a member of the commitee of taxes. In February he composed the address to the French, to remind the people what the national assembly had already done for them, and what it still intended to do; and filled the president's chair; on the 14th of July he celebrated the mass of the federation. It was he also who, assisted by the bishops of Lyda and Babylon, consecrated the first bishops, called constitu tional; a measure which drew upon him the displeasure of the court of Rome, expressed in a monition from Pius VI. of date of the 7th of

April, 1781. After the session M. de Talleyrand was sent to England with Chauvelin, as private negociator. After the 10th of August Chauvelin returned to France, and M. de Talleyrand remained in England till the progress of the revolution obliged the English ministry to take measures completely hostile, and then M. de Talleyrand was involved in the effects of the bill against suspected strangers, and was obliged to leave England in 1794. Terrified at the blood which he saw flowing in his country, and informed likewise, that, after the 10th of August, 1792, papers had been found at the Thuilleries which might compromise him, he durst not return to France, but retired to the United States of America. After the 9th Thermidor, (27th of July, 1794,) he returned to Europe; in 1795 took steps with the committee of public safety to obtain the repeal of a decree of accusation passed against him, as well as the erasure of his name from the list of emigrants; and these requests having been granted him in the meeting of the 4th of September, he returned to Paris, became a member of the national institute, and on the 16th of July, 1797, entered into the administration of foreign affairs, in the place of Charles Lacroix. From that time he began to acquire great influence in the government. However, on the 20th of July, 1797, that is to say, about a month after Sieyes' entrance into the directory, he gave in his resignation, and was one of those who, with Roederer, contrived the events of the 18th Brumaire, after which Bonaparte recalled him to the administration of foreign affairs. He nevertheless declared against the measures which appeared likely to follow that revolution, and even wrote in favour of Adjutant-General Jorry, by whom he had before been attacked with the greatest violence. He still continued to direct the diplomatic affairs of France with the greatest skill, and in particular presided in the negociations which preceded the treaties of Luneville and Amiens. In June, 1802, after the public re-establishment of the Catholic worship in France, the first consul obtained for him, from the pope, a brief, which restored him to secular and lay life, and authorized his marriage with Mrs. Grent. In 1803, M. de Talleyrand accompanied the first consul in his journey to the Netherlands; and in 1805, was present at the coronation at Milan. At the end of the same year he went to Strasburgh, and then to Vienna and Presburgh, where he signed the treaty of peace with Austria. In 1804 he was chosen candidate to the conservative senate by the elective college of Cantal; shortly after he was named high-chamberlain, and on the 1st of February, 1805, decorated with the red ribbon. In May of the same year he was made knight of the orders of Prussia and Bavaria. He is said to have remonstrated with Bonaparte against the late impolitic seizure of Spain, which occasioned his dismission from the councils of the emperor.

As our limits prevent us from giving memoirs of the other distinguished characters whose history is connected with the subject of this volume, we shall present our readers with a list of their new titles, which is highly useful at the present period.

Sovereign of Holland-Francis Beauharnois.

Viceroy of Italy-Prince Eugene Beauharnois, (4th corps).
Princess of Baden-Stephanie de la Pagerie.

Grand Duchess of Florence-Elisa Bonaparte.

Grand Duke of Berg-Prince Charles Louis Napoleon.

Grand Duke of Warsaw-Frederick Augustus IV. King and Elector of Saxony.

Archbishop of Lyons-Cardinal Fesche.

Prince of Eckmuhl-Marshal Davoust.
Duke of Abrantes-Marshal Junot.

Duke of Albufera-Marshal Suchet,

Duke of Auerstadt-Marshal Davõust.

Duke of Bassano-Maret, Secretary of State.

Duke of Belluno-Marshal Victor.

Duke of Cadore-Champagny, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Duke of Castiglione-Marshal Augereau.

Duke of Cornegliano-Marshal Money.

Duke of Dalmatia-Marshal Soult.

Duke of Dantzic-Marshal Lefebvre.

Grand Duke of Florence-General Bacchiochi.

Duke of Friuli-Marshal Duroc, Grand Marshal of the Palace.

Duke of Istria-Marshal Bessieres, Commander of the Imperial Guards.

Duke of Otranto-Fouche, Governor of Rome.

Duke of Padua-General Arighi.

Duke of Parma-Cambaceres, Arch-Chancellor.

Duke of Placenza-Marshal Le Brun, Prince Arch-Treasurer.

Duke of Ragusa-Marshal Marmont.

Duke of Reggio-Marshal Oudinot.

Duke of Rovigo-General Savary, Minister of Police.

Duke of Tarento-Marshal Macdonald.

Duke of Treviso-Marshal Mortimer.

Duke of Valmy-Marshal Kellerman.

Duke of Vicenza-General Caulincourt, Grand Chamberlain, and Master of Saxony.

Marshal Perignon. Marshal Surrurier.