valry. General Girard was also killed, and several other officers of rank severely wounded.

Bonaparte, at the commencement of the battle, said to his troops, "This is a battle like those in Egypt; a good infantry, supported by artillery, should be sufficient for it!' The marine regiments, the old guards, the young battalions, in short, the whole infantry were praised, for having fought with sang-froid! The field of battle,' says the French report, presented a most afflicting spectacle: the young soldiers, on seeing the emperor, forgot their sufferings, and exclaimed, Vive l'Empereur! It is now twenty years,' said the emperor, that I have commanded the French armies; but I have never yet witnessed so much bravery and devotion.' As soon as Bonaparte's bulletin reached Paris, the empress regent ordered Te Deum to be sung.

At this time the court of Great Britain was strenuously employed in strengthening the coalition against Bonaparte. It stipulated to assist Sweden, if necessary, in obtaining possession of Norway; ceded to that power the island of Guadaloupe; and granted a subsidy of £1,000,000 sterling. Sweden, in return, agreed to contribute 30,000 men to join the Russian army, and granted certain commercial advantages to British merchants.

This treaty decided the fate of Hamburgh. The French troops seemed extremely reluctant to quit this city. After evacuatiug it, as before stated, they returned, and shot several of the inhabitants who had been active in opposing them; however, the rapid advance of a party of Russians and Cossacks, compelled them to retreat a second time. A division of the Swedish army shortly after entered the city, and the inhabitants were formed into volunteer battalions; but the allied troops being ordered to retire, the city appeared to be again abandoned to its fate, when a corps of Danes, with some artillery, entered the place, and proposed to assist in saving the city. But when the treaty between England and Sweden was published, the Danish court indignantly

threw themselves again into the arms of Bonaparte. Their troops were instantly ordered to co-operate with Marshal Davoust, and occupy Hamburgh.

Still, however, the Danes were anxious to preserve a city from ruin so closely connected in a geographical and commercial point of view with their own territories. Accordingly, their influence restrained the rage of Davoust, who contented himself, at this time, with again prohibiting the freedom of the press, imposing a contribution of 48 millions of Francs on the citizens, and compelling them to labour at the new military defences which were projected.

CHAP. XLII.

RETREAT OF THE ALLIES FROM LUTZEN-TAKE UP A POSITION AT BAUTZEN-BONAPARTE LEAVES DRESDEN-RECONNOITRES THE POSITION OF THE ALLIES-BATTLE OF BAUTZEN-TURNS THE RIGHT OF THE ALLIES-DIFFERENT STATEMENTS OF THE RESULT OF THIS ACTION-ADVANCE OF BONAPARTE-AGREES TO AN ARMISTICEMARQUIS OF WELLINGTON'S JOURNEY TO CADIZ-PROCEEDINGS OF THE CORTES-AFFAIRS BETWEEN SUCHET AND MURRAY-WELLINGTON PUTS HIS ARMY IN MOTION -ENTERS SALAMANCA-SEIZES BURGOS-CROSSES THE EBRO TOTAL DEFEAT OF JOSEPH BONAPARTE AT VITTORIA.

LAURISTON'S march upon Leipsic, and the advantageous positions which Bonaparte occupied at Lutzen, determined the allied army to fall back upon the Oder. As soon as they commenced their retreat, Bonaparte put his army in motion, and his advanced guard was almost continually engaged with

the rear of the allies. On the 8th of April, the viceroy entered Dresden. This advance determined the wavering politics of the King of Saxony, who met Bonaparte on the morning of the 12th, when they embraced, and entered Dresden together at the head of the French imperial guard. Of the Saxon troops 12,000 were placed under the command of General Regnier, and the whole of the Saxon cavalry were ordered to assemble at Dresden. The pliancy of the Saxon monarch was not, however, generally approved of: some officers refused to obey his orders, and others took up arms against Bonaparte; declared their king was a prisoner, and, by their activity, greatly harassed the French army.

The bridge at Dresden, which the allied army had broken down, being repaired, Bonaparte crossed the Elbe, and continued the pursuit. The allied generals displayed much military skill, and retired in admirable order; but the determination of the King of Saxony obliged them to evacuate the whole of the Middle Elbe, and to concentrate their forces at Bautzen, where they remained several days fortifying their position. Many smart actions took place between the French and allies, but the latter maintained the advantages of their position with uniform success.

The ground selected by the allies to resist the enemy's approach, on the great roads to Silesia and the Oder, was bounded on the left by a range of mountains which separate Lusatia from Bohemia, through which Marshal Daun marched to the battle and victory of Hochkirch. Some strong commanding heights, on which batteries had been constructed, near the village of Jackowitz, (and separated from the chain of mountains by streams and marshy ground) formed the appui to the left flank of the position. Beyond, and in front of it, many batteries were pushed forward, defended by infantry and cavalry, on a ridge that projected into the low ground near the Spree river. It then extended to the right, through villages that were strongly entrenched, across the great roads. leading from Bautzen to Hochkirch and Gorlitz; from thence

in the front of the village of Bourthewitz to three or four very commanding hills, which rise abruptly in a conical shape, and form strong features; these, with the high ground of Krekwitz, were strengthed by batteries, and were considered the right point of the line. The ground in the centre was favourable for cavalry, except in some marshy and uneven parts, where it would impede its operations. Flêches were constructed, and entrenchments thrown up, at advan-, tageous distances on the plain, along the front of which ran a deep boggy rivulet, which extended round the right of the position. On the extreme right the country was flat and woody, intersected by roads bearing towards the Bober and the Oder. General Barclay de Tolly's corps was stationed here, and should be considered more as a manoeuvring corps, placed to guard against the enemy's attempts on the right and rear of the allies, than as immediately in position: the extent of the whole line might be between three and four English miles. The different corps occupying it were as follows: General Kleist's and General D'York's corps, in echelon and in reserve, on the right, General Blucher's, Count Wittgenstein's, and General Miloradovitch's formed on the left; and the guards and grenadiers, and all the Russian cavalry, were stationed in reserve in the centre.

Bonaparte left Dresden on the 18th, and on the following day at ten in the morning arrived at his camp near Bautzen. He employed all that day in reconnoitring. On the morning of the 20th, the Duke of Reggio was ordered to pass the Spree, supported by the Dukes of Ragusa and Tarentum, while the other corps were to cause a diversion in his favour. His intention was to gain some heights on the right of the allies, from which his artillery could sweep their main position, and under whose fire he might make depositions for the general attack. The action was bravely contested. The Russian infantry and Prussian lancers made several charges; but the Duke of Ragusa succeeded in forcing the heights, and at eight o'clock in the evening Bonaparte entered Baut

zen, the allies having retired to their second position. The enemy,' says Bonaparte, began to comprehend the possibility of being forced in his position. His hopes were no longer the same; and he must, from this moment, have had the presage of his defeat. Already were all his dispositions entirely changed. The fate of the battle was no longer to be decided behind his entrenchments. His immense works, and 300 redoubts, became useless. The right of his position, which was opposed to the 4th corps, became his centre; and he was obliged to offer his right, which formed a good part of his army, to oppose the Prince of Moskwa, in a place which he had not studied, and which he believed beyond his position.'

At day-break on the morning of the 21st, Bonaparte advanced to the attack. A lively fire of musketry commenced on the wings, supported by a powerful line of artillery. In the mean time Bonaparte's guards, cavalry, and lancers, and some heavy columns of infantry, deployed in front of Bautzen, which induced Wittgenstein,* the commander of the allied army, to prepare to meet an effort in that quarter;

but

The veteran Prince Kutusoff Smolensko had died, through age and fatigue, shortly after the Russian army had crossed their frontier. On June 12th, his body arrived at the place appointed by his Imperial Majesty for its sepulchre, in the church of our Lady of Casan. The procession left the convent of St. Sergius at eleven o'clock in the forenoon. The burgher-corps of St. Petersburgh arrived at three o'clock, at the limits of the city, near to the river Tarakanowka, to receive the venerable remains, of which the capital was to be the depot. The nobles and clergy, accompanied by the Metropolitan, and the great civil and military authorities, followed on foot. The people drew the funeral car to the church door. The coffin was placed in a vault under the dome. It was covered by the trophies of the French eagles and colours, accompanied by the Turkish trophies. A genius, with a laurel-crown in his hand, hovered in the air over the hero's corpse. The people went there to render their last homage to the man of their affections.The tomb was prepared under the picture which represents the deli verance of Moscow.