he was soon convinced of his mistake, by a desperate attack upon his right. The Prince of Moskwa carried the village of Klix, but his advance was checked for some time; and the Duke of Dalmatia, who moved to his support, found himself furiously attacked by Generals Blucher, Kleist, and D'York. Bonaparte perceived that this was the critical moment in which to decide the battle. He, therefore, marched instantly with the guards, and General Latour Maubourg's four divisions, with a quantity of artillery, to support the attack on the right. General Barclay de Tolly was now opposed by very superior numbers, and was outflanked on the right, while he was pressed upon in front. Bonaparte thus compelled him to fall back, and seized the conical heights of Kerckwitz, which was the key of the position, as it commanded the low ground on the right and centre of it. This decided the battle; the right wing of the allies being completely turned. The Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia were in every part of the battle, directing the attack of their troops, which displayed such firmness and discipline, that, although Bonaparte opened a most tremendous fire from the heights he had taken, yet the columns retired in echelon, covered by cavalry, in the most perfect order, carrying with them every gun from their batteries. The retreat commenced about five o'clock in the evening.

The pursuit was directed by Bonaparte in person, the allies retiring in two columns, covered with batteries of cannon. At Raichenbach he charged their rear guard with 15,000 horse, which was at first repulsed; but General Regnier being ordered to gain the heights in the rear of the allies, they were compelled to retire. However, the fatigue of his troops, and the desperate resistance made by the allies at every point, determined Bonaparte to permit them to retire unmolested.

The strength and loss of the contending armies, during these sanguinary conflicts, have been variously stated. Bonaparte estimated the force of the allies at from 150 to

160,000 men; while Sir Charles Stewart asserted, that the force of the allies engaged did not exceed 65,000 men! Perhaps Sir Charles did not include the grenadiers and guards, which were not brought into action. There is, however, no doubt but that the army of Bonaparte was much superior in numbers; and when we consider that the allied army was mostly composed of veteran troops, animated with the best spirit, encouraged by the presence of their sovereigns, and possessing such excellent positions, the loss sustained by the French must have been immense. Bonaparte acknowledges that it amounted, on the 20th and 21st, to from 11 to 12,000 men; and the allies affirm, that he lost about 6000 men in forcing the passage of the Spree, on the 19th. The loss of the allies it is equally difficult to ascertain, but might probably be equal to that of the French.

Bonaparte indeed acknowledges that he had gained no trophies; and it certainly was highly credible to the allied troops to traverse an extent of country of near 500 miles, from the plains of Lutzen to the position they finally took, in presence of so active an enemy, contending position after position, and carrying with them between 6 and 700 pieces of cannon, without losing a gun, or sacrificing any of their baggage.

In the battles of the 20th and 21st, Bonaparte lost several officers of distinction: Duroc, Duke of Friuli, was killed, and Generals Brugere, Franquemont, and Lorenzez, severely wounded. There was a sort of theatrical display of Bonaparte's sensibility on the occasion of this tremendous waste of human blood, which was no doubt intended to divert the attention of the French public from his sanguinary ambition. He paid a consolatory visit to Duroc, but the scene was too much for his tender nerves, so that overcome by his feelings he retired to his tent to indulge the luxury of grief alone.The scene is thus officially described: As soon as the posts were placed, and the army had taken its bivouaques, the emperor went to see the Duke of Friuli. He found him pre

fectly master of himself, and shewing the greatest sang-froid. The duke offered his hand to the emperor, who pressed it to his lips." My whole life," said he to him, "has been consecrated to your service; nor do I regret its loss, but for the use it still might have been of to youi" "Duroc!" replied the emperor, "there is a life to come; it is there you are going to wait for me, and where we shall one day meet again!"-"Yes, Sire! but that will not be yet these thirty years, when you will have triumphed over your enemies, and realized all the hopes of our country.-I have lived an honest man-I have nothing to reproach myself with-I leave a daughter behind me-Your Majesty will fill the place of a father to her!"—The emperor, grasping the right hand of the great marshal, remained for a quarter of an hour with his head reclined on his right hand in deep silence. The great marshal was the first who broke this silence. "Ah! Sire," cried he, " go away; this sight gives you pain!" The emperor, supporting himself on the Duke of Dalmatia and the Grand Master of the Horse, quitted the Duke of Friuli, without being able to say any more than these words: "Farewell then, my friend." His majesty returned to his tent, nor would he receive any person the whole of that night.'

Bonaparte issued a decree from the field of battle at Wurtchen, on the 22d of May, directing a monument to be erected upon Mount Cenis. On the front of the monument, looking towards Paris, are to be inscribed the names of all the Cantons of Departments on this side the Alps. Upon the front, looking towards Milan, to be engraved the names of all the Cantons of Departments beyond the Alps, and of the kingdom of Italy. On the most conspicuous part of the monument the following inscription is to be engraved :'The Emperor Napoleon, upon the field of battle of Wurtchen, ordered the erection of this monument, as a proof of his gratitude to his people of France and Italy; and to transmit to the most distant posterity the remembrance of that celebrated epoch, when, in three months, 1,200,000 men ran

to arms, to insure the integrity of the empire and of his al lies. Another decree orders the foregoing monument to be erected next spring, and appropriates the sum of 25,000,000 of francs for that purpose.

The allied army continued to retreat on Breslaw and Schweidnitz, during which several severe actions took place. On the 26th, General Blucher gained considerable advantages over the division of General Maison. Several other smart affairs took place; and the partisan corps were active in the rear of Bonaparte. On the 28th, the allied sovereigns proposed an armistice between the armies on the Oder; a suspension of arms was agreed to on the 1st of June, and on the 4th the terms were finally settled. It was to last till the 20th of July. The policy of this measure was afterwards clearly developed; and whether or not Bonaparte perceived all the advantages the allies would derive from this cessation of hostilities, it is evident that he did not feel himself in a condition to dictate terms to his enemies.

Barclay de Tolly had been appointed commander in chief of the alled armies; Count Wittgenstein commanded the Russians, and General Blucher the Prussians. Immediately after the signing of the armistice, their head quarters were removed to Reichenbach.

During these transactions in the North of Europe, the Marquis of Wellington was indefatigable in putting his army in an effective state, that he might commence the operations of the campaign with confidence and success. In order to rouse the Cortes, and inspire their councils with activity and energy, he left his army, and landed at Cadiz on the 24th of December. He was received with distinguished honour by the Regency, the Cortes, and the people. On the 29th he attended a congress of the Cortes, accompanied by a deputation of the Spanish general staff. He was dressed in the full uniform of a Spanish captain-general, wearing the collar of the military order of San Fernando. Having taken his seat in the congress between the deputies, he made a formal

obeisance, and remained standing a few moments. He then read an address, exhorting them to make a determined effort to free the Peninsula from the French. His address was received with great applause by the Cortes, who also concurred with a decree of the Cortes investing the marquis with extraordinary powers as generalissimo of the Spanish land forces. They agreed also to furnish him with an army of 50,000 men, and also to form two armies of reserve, which might keep this force in a state of permanent efficiency.

The gallant marquis at the same time effected several reformations, which were adopted through his recommendation. The inquisition was abolished, convents suppressed, and those departments, formerly occupied by nobles alone. All these measures were violently opposed; the government remained firm; and General Ballasteros, who refused to acknowledge Lord Wellington's authority, was exiled; many of the clergy were punished, and some of the nobility of the ancient regime arrested. Still, however, the ecclesiastics refused to obey, and the regency at last referred their remonstrances to the Cortes. But that body immediately punished them for want of energy by appointing a new regency, at the head of which the Cardinal Bourbon was placed. The first act of this new regency was to compel the refractory clergy to read in their churches the decree for abolishing the inquisition, and which they carried into full effect; but as the Pope's nuncio had secretly encouraged the opposition of the elergy against the decree, his duplicity was openly exposed and condemned.

The

The Marquis of Wellington, having effected the object of his journey to Cadiz, returned to the army, when he was created Duke of Vittoria, by the Prince Regent of Portugal; and Marshal Beresford, Marquis of Campo Major. campaign was opened in the east of Spain on the 11th of April, when Marshal Suchet commenced an attack upon the division commanded by Don Fernando Millares, which he defeated with loss; and the same day took the castle of Vil