In Scriblerus, we have examples of all varieties of restrictive construction :

"The Flying Fishes: These are writers who now and then rise upon their fins.

The Swallows are authors that are eternally skimming and fluttering up and down.

'The Ostriches are such whose heaviness rarely permits them [old grammar]—' such that their heaviness rarely permits them.' To preserve the relative construction [such that &c.—, as amended, being adverbial], say: ' are such as are rarely permitted, through (owing to) their heaviness, to

; and

the like. Further on, this earlier form for 'such-as be illustrated by a few examples.

' will

'The Parrots are they that repeat another's words. 'The Didappers are authors that keep themselves long out of sight under water.

The Frogs are such as can neither walk nor fly, but can leap and bound to admiration.

'The Eels are obscure authors, that wrap themselves up in their own mud, but are mighty nimble and pert.'

'Such I created all the ethereal Powers

And spirits, both them who stood and them who fail'd.
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.'

The meaning here is obviously restrictive in every case.
In the following lines that' should be 'which':
-so bent he seems

On desperate revenge, that shall redound

Upon his own rebellious head.'

Our translation of St. Matthew's gospel has been examined, for the usage of the several relatives, by Professor Milligan, of Aberdeen, one of the Committee for revising the English Translation of the New Testament. There are 224 relative constructions. Of these, 175 are in strict accordance with the distinctive uses of who,' 'which,' and 'that,' as here taught. In 43 cases, 'who' or 'which' is put for 'that'; in 6 cases 'that' is put for 'who' or 'which'. I believe that there is scarcely one of the exceptional con

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structions that would not be felt to be improved by being made to conform with the prevailing usage. And Professor Milligan is of the same opinion.

At one time 'who' was very common after 'such'; 'whose' being used as possessive.

'Let such teach others who themselves excel,

And censure freely who have written well'.-Pope.

'He avoids such stories whose mention may suggest bad thoughts to the auditors'.-Fuller.

simply 'such stories as may suggest'.

We might now say

'If thou conquer Rome, the benefit

Which thou shalt thereby reap is such a name
Whose repetition will be dogg'd with curses;
Whose chronicle thus writ'.-Coriol. v. 3.

The adverbial substitutes are also found after 'such': 'Avoiding such mirth wherein is abuse'.-Roister Doister, prologue.

'If children were brought up, in soch a house, or soch a Schole, where the latin tonge were properlie and perfitlie spoken.'-Ascham, Scholemaster, Arber's Reprint, p. 28. There is perhaps intentional variety in the following:

'Of old, those met rewards who could excel,

And such were praised who but endeavour'd well '.

From the prologue to Henry VIII., may be quoted these alternations:

'those that,'

'such-as',

'those-that',

they-that'.

'It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery, neither

is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome; but the voice of them that sing do I hear '.

'For just experience tells, in every soil,

That those who think must govern those that toil'. Perhaps the 'who' is used here on account of the 'that' introducing the line.

The restriction of 'who' to persons, and 'which' to other individuals, was not in full force in the Elizabethan period. It was not generally recognized till much later.

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Against the Capitol I met a lion,

Who glared upon me'.-Julius Cæsar, I. 3.

Deep woes roll forward like a gentle flood,

Who, being stopp'd, the bounding banks o'erflows'.

Lucrece, 1118-9.

'A brave vessel,

Who had, no doubt, some noble creature in her '.

-any creature in the vessel

Tempest, I. 2.

Tempest, I. 2.

Which thou heard'st cry, which thou saw'st sink'.

'Our Father which art in Heaven '.

'How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria ?'

'Art thou greater

than our father Jacob, which gave us the well?'

And, much later, Dryden says of Ben Jonson :-'I think him the most learned and judicious writer which any theatre ever had'.

Dr. Abbott (Shakespearian Grammar) quotes the following as a good illustration of the unsettled nature of Elizabethan syntax' on this usage of 'who' and 'which':

'The first [casket], of gold, who this inscription bears,

The second, silver, which this promise carries'.

Merchant of Venice.

'The which' is a very noticeable form in Elizabethan authors. It occurs in the authorised version of the Bible, and is not unfrequent in Shakespeare. Dr. Abbott mentions the French 'lequel' for comparison.

Dr. Morris quotes from Bp. Morton: 'The civil power, which is the very fountain and head from the which both these estates (Church and Commonwealth) do flow, and by the which it is brought to pass that there is a Church in any place'.

This form is never used in modern literature, except in imitations for special purposes. Byron and others afford occasional examples.

Thackeray is anything but serious in the following passage: 'I have seen many great folks in the course of my travels and time: the whom whenever one looks at, one has a mild shock of awe and tremor '.-Dr. Birch. 'The' is never used with 'who', as it is here-humorously.

Adverbial substitutes for the ordinary relatives (with prepositions) were at one time very extensively used. The most common of them have already been exemplified in their advantageous employment. If moderately and judiciously used, they greatly tend to vary the monotony and lighten. the heaviness of our relative construction. But they are readily enough abused; and some of our older writers may be looked at for warnings against using them too copiously. Full illustration would demand extracts of too great length; we will quote one or two short passages as examples.

'Wherefore to return to our former intent of discovering the natural way whereby rules have been found out concerning that goodness wherewith the Will of man ought to be moved in human actions; as everything naturally and necessarily doth desire the utmost good and greatest perfection whereof Nature hath made it capable, even so man'.-Hooker.

'Men laugh at the infirmities of others, by comparison wherewith [not a favourite now] their own abilities are set off and illustrated. Also, men laugh at jests, the wit whereof always consisteth in- '.-Hobbes.

'What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed?' Here we may substitute 'that -of', with advantage: not so easy in the following:-- 'I have therefore whereof I may glory through Jesus Christ'. We should need to say 'I have therefore what I may glory in'.

distance between the relative and the preposition. In such statements of time, the preposition is often omitted.

'The scene had quite changed in the half-hour that Adam had been in the garden.' At the end of all we should expect a preposition, to go along with 'that'; say 'in' or 'during'. That the separated preposition should drop off is not unnatural. 'During which' for that' would be

heavy and unidiomatic.

'The time that Britain remained a Roman province was between three and four hundred years.' A similar explanation applies here.

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An example already quoted illustrates the omission of the preposition: The Welsh did not keep Easter on the same day that the rest of the Western Churches did' (kept Easter on).

When the meaning is not time, the omission is less comThe following is a poetical example:

mon.

'A perfect judge will read each work of wit

With the same spirit that its author writ' [with].

The sense is restrictive, and 'with which' is not desirable. 'Wherewith', an old adverbial form, is not now in frequent

use.

'Here is a pair of propositions (which) 'that' can never be asserted of the same instance, (and of which)' while yet in many instances neither can apply'. These are subordinate clauses qualifying the principal; the second relative being governed by 'of' cannot be converted to 'that'; but the conjunction while yet' not merely serves to unite the second clause with the first, but indicates the mode of connection, that being more than simple cumulation by ‘and’.

'But he can only hope to attain this by lowering his pattern to (that pitch in which) the point where' the spectators are capable of going along with him.' ['Only' should be placed before 'by lowering.']

'We shall briefly run over the events which attended the conquest made by that empire'. 'The events attending the