THE PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE.

At what point the Participle may be held to become an Adjec-

tive......

The Participial Adjective usually expresses a permanent char-

acter.

THE ADJECTIVE IN CO-ORDINATION.

Adjectives applied to individuals do not limit....

Neither do predicate adjectives; they add to the meaning of

the subject.....

Co-ordinating usage reconciled by ellipsis...

Co-ordinate relative clause abridged to predicate adjective, which
is co-ordinating; examples.......

LIMITATION TO AN INDIVIDUAL.

Successive narrowings of the class noun; the Superlative.....

Pronominal (demonstrative and possessive) adjectives....

Noun and limitations incorporated in more general noun........

ADVERBS AS ADJECTIVES.

Adverbial meaning expressed in Adjective form.........

ADJECTIVES CLASSIFIED.

Adjectives of QUALITY-the largest and typical class.....

Adjectives of QUANTITY in Number: how far they have the

typical characters.....

Mr. Earle's view of the Numerals; further discussion.

Construction of the Numerals; special licenses......

The Numerals represented-by figures or by words ?-Collec-

tives........

Adjectives of QUANTITY in Mass: characteristic usage.

They measure roughly; contrast with the definite numerals.... 106

Special case of 'No, none

'No' is a Negative Adverb in Adjective form for a special con-

venience.....

107

108

The negative adverb incompetent for universal denial...

Other modes; specially, the prefixing of 'no' to the subject.....

'No' to be reserved for occasions of the highest emphasis.....

Further examples; strength of 'no' wasted on slight occasions

The PRONOUN Adjectives: characteristics discussed....

Couples for distinctive reference: 'That-this', and equivalents

Advantages (comparative and absolute) of the couples; examples 109

"Former-latter' most used; frequently overdone.......

Repetition of subjects is often the best course..

For easy cases, 'the one-the other' preferred

Then, first-second', 'first-named-second-named

111

Triple reference, by 'first-second-third', much too difficult. 112

Other reference adjectives enumerated...

Wide-spread ellipsis of noun...

113

PAGE

The ARTICLES are Adjectives, in force as well as in origin...... 113

The Indefinite Article marks the Singular.

Rarely omitted with common nouns; omission to be explained

Occasionally superseded; cases enumerated...

Singular without Article often has a personifying effect...

Article sometimes dropped in complements, and in appositions

Omitted in common phrases, for shortness...

The Definite Article à diluted that'; usage..

A pointing word: points to relative clause or curtailed equiva-
lent.

It singles out individuals in a given collection....

Essential before some nouns limited by prepositional phrase

Backward reference, as a softened 'that

Individualizing force of the pronoun Adjectives kept up by 'the'

THE VERB.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

114

115

116

The old definition may be a classification rather; still faulty... 116

Classes of Verbs.....

Transitive Verbs.

These express an action most simply and completely

........ 117

Intransitive Verbs.

Various kinds of these reviewed.

Cases corresponding to the classical Middle Voice.....

The object being dropped, the verb (now Intransitive) expresses

the action generally..

Quiescent position sometimes given by Intransitive Verbs

Incomplete Verbs.

'Be' is the chief; others remarked upon.

Construction of double-object verbs.....

Relation of Incomplete verbs to the other classes

Nouns operating as Verbs.

Verbs transmuted into nouns, while ceasing to predicate, may

retain other functions.....

Object retained, as clause, infinitive, noun (with preposition).. 122

Subject retained, in prepositional phrases and as a Possessive... 123

Adverbial adjuncts retained-with little (if any) change...

-as adjectives to the verbal nouns

Agent expressed in place of action: 'of' precedes object.

Motives for transforming verb into noun..

Loss of simplicity: the change not to be rashly adopted..

More examples: how far may simpler forms be restored ?...

Adjectives as Verbs.

124

'Be' with an adjective may stand for a Verb (trans. or intrans.) 127

Adverbial qualification of adjectives treated...

........................

Verb influence at the root of the qualification...

Loose employment of adjective for verb

THE ADVERB.

How best revealed: consider the action of the verb

Direction of the action: how expressed....

Prepositions in Adverbial phrases extended to new meanings (as
agency, time).

PAGE

128

128

129

Degree or intensity of action; Excellence; Manner or Quality.. 130

Transmutation of adjectives explained....

Many Adverbs are condensed clauses; hence their verb force...

Adverbs are often converted verbs, through adjectives.......

The Adverb helps to incorporate two facts in one statement;
advantages....

Making up of Adverbial Phrases

Classes enumerated

131

132

132

133

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS.

The Classification justified in detail..

I. Place and Direction.

Reasons for making these a separate class........

133

II.-Time.

Grounds for separate classification...

133

III.-Degree or Measure.

Peculiar action of these; imitated by Adverbs of Quality....... 134

The distinction important: how expressed

IV.-Affirmation and Denial.

V.-Manner or Quality.

Negation under the guise of Affirmation....

The great mass of Adverbs; not farther sub-divided.....

Cause given chiefly by phrases; might be classed apart...................

THE PREPOSITION.

Classification not on grammatical grounds; its purpose and form 137

Prepositions originally assigned the Direction of action...

'Of' the most common and vague: usage discussed.

'Of' now expresses object or end oftener than source (primary

idea).

Indiscriminate use cases. 'Of' might often be dropped....... 140

THE CONJUNCTION.

The classification a help to the meanings and uses..

Special delicacies and liability to error.

139

142

AND.

Presence and omission of 'and' variously significant.

OR. Frequently vague and ambiguous.....

Used for and'. Verbal and real alternation...

Inadequate to strong alternative contrasts; or else'.

'Or, nor, neither dual words, extended to several alterna-

6

tives; nor yet'

BUT. A strong word; wasted on unworthy occasions...

Substitutes of but' for these weaker oppositions.

PAGE

145

146

147

IF. Unnecessarily used where the condition is not prominent 148

INFLECTION.

THE GENDER OF NOUNS.

Principle of the Common Gender: Sex not stated, unless essen-

tial...

Cases for distinct names for gender enumerated.....

Feminine overdone; should be disused when sex is immaterial 151

NUMBER OF NOUNS.

Number always expressed, however unimportant: an abuse.... 153

A Neutral or Common Number a felt want...

Statement of Number evaded, in various ways...

The plural form sometimes usefully significant...

A Neutral or Common Form suggested.

The typical plural (seen in science) a condensation of single in-
dependent statements.....

Plurality and unity combined in the collective noun...

Formal plurals with collective meaning.

Others name things that are pairs; others, materials.

Such exceptional plurals to be kept in the background...

Limitation of the Possessive

CASE.

The Possessive is really another part of speech.

The possessive meaning traced step by step, beginning from

personal belongings.

Occasional inadequacy of the elliptical Possessive..

Extreme applications; verb construction preferable..

Ambiguities; substitution by 'of'...

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.

The Inflections fragmentary: helps or substitutes..

How far the inflections are useful, or superfluous.

TENSE and MOOD (Subjunctive) discussed......

The Passive VOICE: disadvantages and conveniences.

PERSON a mere harmonic or echoing form; rarely emphatic.... 166

NUMBER also an iteration; sometimes strengthens the meaning 167

Minor Moods; Imperative, Participle, Infinitive, Gerund..

Discrimination of forms in -ing'

The Infinitive.

Characteristic uses detailed; niceties..

168

168

Certain condensed transformations explained......

Examples illustrating the usages of the Infinitive....

The Participle.

Distinguishing marks enumerated...

The Participle as a condensing power

Special delicacies :-Concurrent action expressed.

Participle condensed from adverbial clause....

Infinitive lapses into participle-extended discussion..

Latin and Greek constructions illustrative

............

The Verbal Noun in 'ing'.

Nice discrimination of Verbal Noun and Infinitive.

The Verbal Noun marred by other forms in 'ing'..

The Gerund.

The Infinitive form used to state purpose.

Gerunds act as Adverbs or as Adjectives.....

THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

'Shall' represents external influence on the subject..

'Will' means the native resolution of the subject..

'Shall' expresses eventuality...

Special cases of 'Shall

181

'Will' very nearly the same as the present indefinite tense...... 182

Interrogation governed by the same principles.....

Interrogative forms where the will of the second person rules

the action.....

Interrogative forms for mere futurity

'Should' and 'Would'.

Contingent or Conditional futurity.......

Past Determination of the first person..

Other controlling influences :-general cases; fate...

Past resolution of all subjects as to their own actions..

Contingent Determination

183

The Future Subjunctive

It puts all parties under outward control: exceptions..

Special cases-Should' states duty for all subjects.

'Should' and 'Would' as softened forms.

190

191

192

'Would' expresses past habit.

Interrogative use: no new principle..

Miscellaneous examples of Should' and 'Would'.

'May' and 'Can'.

How far auxiliary. Meanings contrasted..