mani ;""De veræ philosophiæ origine;" "De philosophia Celtica;" "De extraordinariis populi Romani imperiis;" "De ratione belli ;" "Sacra Termini; "De censu Augusti ;""De legione fulminatrice M. Antonini Phil. Imperatoris." All these were published together in 1676, 4to. To these we may add his edition of Grotius "De Jure Belli," fol. 1696, &c. He left a son, who, at the time of his father's death, was twenty-six years of age, and succeeded him in the post of prætor-royal of Strasburg, by the appointment of the French king.'

OBSEQUENS (JULIUS), a Latin author, who flourished, as is conjectured, a little before the time of the emperor Honorius, about the year 395, wrote a book "De Pro, digiis," whence he is thought to be a Pagan. This work, which was only a list of such prodigies as are inserted in Livy, ends about the year of Rome 743, where Livy ends his "Decads;" whose words Obsequens often borrows, as well as his credulity. We have only a part of the work, published by Aldus Manutius in 1508, of which there are several editions. Conrad Lycosthenes made some additions to it, which were published with the text at Basil, in 1552: he marked his additions with asterisms; but the whole was published the following year, without any distinctions, by John de Tournes. From that time the book of Obsequens, and the supplement, appeared as done by the same hand; till Sheffer, in 1679, published an edition, in which he printed what was compiled by Obsequens in the Roman letter, and the supplement of Lycosthenes in Italic. The best editions are that by Hearne in 1703, and that of Leyden, 1720, 8vo.

OCCAM, or OCKHAM (WILLIAM OF), so called from the village of Ockham in Surrey, where he was born, was, according to Wood, a fellow of Merton college, Oxford, in the thirteenth century, and was a renowned teacher of the scholastic doctrines at that university. He had the offer of the archdeaconry of Stow in the diocese of Lincoln in January 1300, but refused it. In 1302 he was collated by bishop D'Alderby to the prebend of Bedford major in that church; and having thought proper to accept the archdeaconry on a second offer, was collated to it May 15, 1305, but seems to have vacated it about the latter end of 1319. He was a pupil of Duns Scotus, and was

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Chaufepie. Niceron, XXXIV. 2 Fabric, Bibl. Lat.-Saxii Onomast.

it

little inferior to his master in subtlety. The school of the Scotists had, till his time, followed the popular opinion of the realists; but Occam, probably from an ambition of becoming the head of a separate body, revived the opinions of the nominalists, and formed a sect under the name of Occamists, which vehemently opposed the Scotists, upon the abstract questions concerning universals, which had been formerly introduced by Rosceline.

. He was styled by the pope "The invincible doctor;" by others "The venerable preceptor;" "The singular doetor;" and "The unparalleled doctor." He was chosen minister provincial of the friars minors of England, and afterwards diffinitor of the whole order of St. Francis, and in that capacity was present at the general chapter held at Perusium in Tuscany in 1322, where the fathers declared their adherence to the decree of pope Nicholas III. maintaining the poverty of Christ and his apostles, and that they had "nibil propria." This doctrine gave rise to that pleasant question called the bread of the Cordeliers; which consisted in determining, whether the dominion of things consumed in the using, such as bread and wine, belonged to them, or only the simple use of them, without the dominion? Their rule not permitting them to have any thing as property, pope Nicholas III. who had been of their order, devised a method to enrich them, without breaking their rule. To this end he made an ordinance, that they should have only the usufruct of the estates which should be given to them, and that the soil and fund of all such donations should belong to the church of Rome. By this means he put them into possession of an infinite number of estates in the name of the church of Rome: but, for that reason, pope Nicholas's bull was revoked by John XXII. who condemned the use without the dominion, by his "Extravaganta ad Conditorem." He also condemned, by another" Extravaganta cum inter," the doctrine concerning the possession of estates by Christ and his apostles, Occam, however, persisted in defending bis opinions, and so greatly offended the pope that he was obliged to fly from Avignon, in 1328, to Lewis of Bavaria, who assumed the title of emperor, and refusing the pope's order to return, was excommunicated in 1329. Lewis, his protector, was under the same circumstance, and Occam is reported to have said to him, "Oh emperor, defend me with your sword, and I will defend you with my pen." He

at last, it is said, returned to his duty, and was absolved. He died at Munich, the capital of Bavaria, and was buried in the convent of his order, as appears by the following inscription on his tomb in the choir, on the right hand of the altar; viz. "Anno Domini 1347, 7mo Aprilis obijt eximius Doctor Sacræ Theologiæ Fr. Gulielmus dictus Occham de Anglia." He wrote a Commentary upon the Predicables of Porphyry, and the Categories of Aristotle, and many treatises in scholastic theology and ecclesiastical law; which, if they be admired for their ingenuity, must at the same time be censured for their extreme subtlety and obscurity. But whatever may be thought of these, he deserves praise for the courage with which he opposed the tyranny of the papal over the civil power, in his book "De Potestate Ecclesiastica et Seculare." Of this, or a part of it, "A dialogue between a knight and a clerke, concerning the Power Spiritual and Temporal," the reader will find an account in Oldys's "Librarian," p. 5. It was printed by Berthelet, with Henry VIII.'s privilege. Fox, in his Martyrology, says that Occam was "of a right sincere judgment, as the times would then either give or suffer." He was the only schoolman whom Luther studied, or kept in his library.1

OCCO (ADOLPHUS), one of a family of physicians of considerable eminence, was born at Augsburgh, Oct. 17, 1524. When he had finished his medical studies under his father, a physician of Augsburgh, who died in 1572, and at the university, he soon became noted as a practitioner, and in 1564 was appointed inspector of the apothecaries, and perpetual vicar to the dean of the college of physicians. He died in 1605. He published a "Pharmacopoeia" in 1574, which continued to be reprinted as late as 1734; and "Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata a Pompeio M. ad Heraclium," Strasburgh, 4to and folio. This is an excellent book of general reference, being a list of all the coins in every reign, digested into the years in which they were apparently struck. It was first printed in 1579, and again in 1600, which is the best edition. One afterwards published by Mezzabarba is not so highly valued, as this editor's additions are of doubtful authority. Among Gesner's letters is a learned" Epistola Græca de

1 Tanner.-Leland, Bale, and Pits.-Brucker.-Manning and Bray's Hist, of Surrey, vol. III.-Fuller's Worthies.-Moheims's Ch. Hist.-Wood's Annals. VOL. XXII.

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Oxymeli helleborato, aliisque ad rem medicam spectantibus," written by Occo, who was an excellent Greek scholar. '

OCCLEVE. See HOCCLEVE.

OCELLUS, surnamed LUCANUS, as being a native of Lucania, was a philosopher of the Pythagorean school, and lived about the time or soon after Pythagoras first opened his school in Italy, 500 B. C. He wrote a book “On the Universe," which is still extaut, and from which Aristotle seems to have borrowed freely in his treatise on generation and corruption. It is not, indeed, written after the usual manner of the Pythagoreans, in the Doric dialect; but probably it has undergone a change, and, at the period when the writings of the Pythagoreans became obscure on account of the dialect in which they were written, was converted, by the industry of some learned grammarian, from the Doric to the Attic dialect. That it was originally written in the Doric, appears from several fragments preserved by Stobæus. Little attention, therefore, Brucker thinks is due to the opinion, that this book was compiled from the writings of Aristotle, and is to be considered only as an epitome of the Peripatetic doctrine concerning nature. Whatever Aristotelian appearance the treatise in its present form may bear, is to be ascribed to the pains taken by transcribers to elucidate the work. If its doctrine be carefully compared with what has been advanced concerning the Pythagorean system, there will be little room left to doubt that it was written by a disciple of Pythagoras, The fundamental dogmas of Ocellus perfectly agree with those of the Italic school. His subtle speculations concerning the changes of the elements are consonant to the manner of the Pythagoreans, after they exchanged the obscure method of philosophising by numbers into a less disguised explanation of the causes of natural phænomena. As this book passed out of the hands of Archytas into those of Plato, it is evident that it was in being before the time of Aristotle; and it becomes probable that the Stagyrite, after his usual manner, borrowed many things from Ocellus, but in a sense very different from that of their first author. This remnant of philosophical antiquity is therefore to be received as a curious specimen of the Pythagorean doctrine, mixed, however, with some tenets peculiar to the author.

1 Moreri.-Eloy, Dict. Hist. de la Medicine.

Ocellus's work was first printed in 1539, and editions. have since been given by Commelin, Visanius, Gale, the abbé Batteux, and the marquis D'Argens. Of these, the best is that by Gale in his " Opuscula," with the Latin translation of Nogarola. 1

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OCHINUS (BERNARDIN), a celebrated Italian, was born at Sienna in 1487, and first took the habit of a Cordelier; but throwing it off in a short time, and returning into the world, applied himself to the study of physic, and acquired the esteem of cardinal Julius de Medici, afterwards pope Clement VII. At length, changing his mind again, he resumed his monk's habit, and embraced, in 1534, the reformed sect of the Capuchins. He practised, with a most rigorous exactness, all the rules of this order; which, being then in its infancy, he contributed so much to improve and enlarge, that some writers have called him the founder of it. It is certain he was made vicar-general of it, and became in the highest degree eminent for his talents in the pulpit. He delivered his sermons with great eloquence, success, and applause. His extraordinary merit procured him the favour of pope Paul III. who, it is said, made him his father-confessor and preacher; and he was thus the favourite of both prince and people, when, falling into the company of one John Valdes, a Spaniard, who had imbibed Luther's doctrine in Germany, he became a proselyte. He was then at Naples, and began to preach in favour of protestant doctrines with so much boldness, that he was summoned to appear at Rome, and was in his way thither, when he met at Florence Peter Martyr, with whom, it is probable, he had contracted an acquaintance at Naples. This friend persuaded him not to put himself into the pope's power; and they both agreed to withdraw into some place of safety. Ochinus went first to Ferrara, where he disguised himself in the habit of a soldier; and, proceeding thence to Geneva, arrived thither in 1542, and married at Lucca, whence he went to Augsburg, and published some sermons.

In 1547 he was invited, together with Peter Martyr, into England by abp. Cranmer, to have their joint assistance in carrying on the reformation. They arrived in December that year; and, repairing to Lambeth, were kindly received by Cranmer. They were entertained there for

Fabric. Bibl. Græc.-Blount's Censura.-Brucker,

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