spect for his acquisitions; they were entirely his own, and instigated by a laudable desire to be useful. The dates in the preceding account of his life will be sufficient to prove the absurdity of Horace Walpole's flippant notice of him, in which he says, that Mr. Ames took to the study of anti-. quities "late in life," and that he was "originally" a ship-chandler. The truth is, and it is to the honour of his industry, that he was always an antiquary, and always a ship-chandler, but principally in articles of ironmongery. It is necessary to add that an enlarged edition of the "Typographical Antiquities" was published by the late learned and industrious Mr. William Herbert, of whom some account will be given in its proper place. This was extended to three volumes quarto, the first of which appeared in 1785, the second in 1786, and the third in 1790, a work of inestimable value to the antiquary, the historian, and the general scholar. To the first volume, Mr. Gough prefixed "Memoirs of Mr. Joseph Ames," from which all that is valuable in the present article has been taken; and the same has been retained, with many additional particulars, in the new and very splendid edition of Ames and Herbert, by the rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, F. S. A. of which one volume was published in 1810 and a second in 1812, which promise ample gratification to the lovers of typographical antiquities.

1

AMES (WILLIAM), a divine in the reigns of king James and Charles I. and famous for his casuistical and controversial writings, but much more so abroad than in his own country, was descended from an ancient family, which is said to remain in Norfolk and Somersetshire, and was born in 1576. He was educated at Christ-church college, in Cambridge, under the celebrated champion of Calvinism, Mr. William Perkins, and this gave a rigid strictness to his opinions, which was not agreeable to some of his associates in the university. One instance of this is given by Fuller, which we shall transcribe as recording a feature in the manners of the times. He says, that" about the year 1610-11, this Mr. Ames, preaching at St. Mary's, took occasion to inveigh against the liberty taken at that time; especially in those colleges which had lords of misrule, a Pagan relique; which, he said, as Polydore Vergil has

'Ames and Herbert's Edition.-Dibdin's.-Cole's MSS. in Brit, Mus.-Walpole's Catalogue of Engravers.

observed, remains only in England. Hence he proceeded to condenin all playing at cards and dice; affirming that the latter, in all ages, was accounted the device of the devil; and that as God invented the one-and-twenty letters whereof he made the bible, the devil, saith an author, found out the one-and-twenty spots on the die; that canon law forbad the use of the same; saying Inventio Diaboli nulla consuetudine potest validari. His sermon," continues our author," gave much offence to many of his auditors; the rather because in him there was a concurrence of much nonconformity; insomuch that, to prevent an expulsion from Dr. Val. Cary, the master, he fairly forsook the col lege, which proved unto him neither loss nor disgrace; being, not long after, by the States of Friesland, chosen Professor of their university." There seems, however, some mistake in this, and Dr. Maclaine has increased it by asserting in his notes on Mosheim's Ecclesiastical history, that Ames filed to Franeker to avoid the persecution of archbishop Bancroft. This prelate certainly pressed conformity on the Puritans as much as he could, but a man who only preached against cards and dice could have nothing to fear from him. The fact was, that the archbishop died some months before this sermon at St. Mary's.

It might not, however, be long after, that he went to Holland, the common refuge of many of the divines of this period who were strong opponents to church discipline, for in 1613, his dispute with Grevinchovius, minister at Rotterdam, appeared in print. From thence, we are told, he was invited by the states of Friesland, to the divinity chair in the university of Franeker, which he filled with universal reputation for many years. He was at the synod of Dort, in 1618, and informed king James's ambassador, from time to time, of the debates of that assembly. After he had been at least twelve years in the doctor's chair at Franeker, he resigned his professorship, and accepted of an invitation to the English congregation at Rotterdam, the air of Franeker being too sharp for him, who was troubled with such a difficulty of breathing, that he concluded every winter would be his last. Besides, he was desirous of preaching to his own countrymen, which he had disused for many years. He held many public discourses, published many learned books, and acquired a great degree of popularity among all classes. Upon his

removal to Rotterdam, he wrote his "Fresh suit against Ceremonies," but did not live to publish it himself, for his constitution was so shattered, that the air of Holland was of no service, upon which, he determined to remove to New England; but his asthma returning at the beginning of winter, put an end to his life at Rotterdam, where he was buried, Nov. 14, (N. S.) 1633, aged fifty-seven. In the spring following, his wife and children embarked for New England, and carried with them his valuable library of books, which was a rich treasure to that country at that time. Of his private character we know little, but it is generally agreed that he was a man of very great learning, a strict Calvinist in doctrine, and of the persuasion of the Independents, with regard to the subordination and power of classes and synods. As a teacher he was so much approved, that students came to him from many parts of Europe, particularly Hungary, Poland, Prussia, and Flanders. Mosheim, who, upon what authority we know not, calls him a Scotch divine, says, that he was one of the first among the reformed who attempted to treat morality as a separate science, to consider it abstractedly from its connection with any particular system of doctrine, and to introduce new light and a new degree of accuracy and precision into this master-science of life and manners. The attempt, he adds, was laudable, had it been well executed; but the system of this learned writer was dry, theoretical, and subtle, and was thus much more adapted to the instruction of the studious, than to the practical direction of the Christian.

His works are: 1. "Sermons, preached at St. Mary's Cambridge," but whether printed is uncertain. 2. "Puritanismus Anglicanus," 8vo, 1610; and in English, London, 4to, 1641, containing the chief doctrines of the Puritans. 3. "Disceptatio scholastica inter Nic. Grevinchovium and Gul. Amesium," 8vo, Amst. 1613, concerning Arminuis's opinions on election, &c. 4. "Disputatio inter Amesium et Grevinchovium," Rotter. 8vo, 1615; Lugd. Bat. 1617, 1633, on reconciliation by the death of Christ, 5. "Coronis ad collationem Hagiensem," 12mo, Lugd. Bat. 1618, 1628, 1630, confuting the answers given by the Arminians to the Dutch pastors. 6. Medulla Theologica," Frank. 1623, reprinted four times at Amsterdam, and translated into English. 7. "Explicatio utriusque Epistolæ S. Petri," 12mo, Amst. 1625, 1635,

and also translated into English, Lond. 1461, 4to. 8. "De Incarnatione Verbi," Franek. 1626, 8vo, against the Socinians. 9. "Bellarminus enervatus," 8vo, often reprinted at Amsterdam, Oxford, and London. 10. "De Conscientia," thrice printed at Amsterdam, and in English with this title, "A treatise on Conscience, with the power and cases thereof," Lond. 4to, 1643; this book is still much read. 11. "Antisynodalia," Franek. 1629, 12mo, against the Remonstrants. 12. "Demonstratio logicæ veræ," 12mo, Lug. Bat. 1632. 13. "Disputatio Theologica," ibid. against metaphysics. 14. "Technometria," Amst. 1632, 8vo, on the purpose and bounds of arts. 15. "A reply to Bishop Morton," on his lordship's defence of the surplice, the cross in baptism, and kneeling at the sacrament, 4to, 1622, which he followed up, by 16. "A fresh Suit against Roman ceremonies," 1633, 4to. 17. "A First and Second Manuduction.” 18. Rescriptio ad responsum Grevinchovii de Redemptione generali," Lugd. Bat. 1634, 8vo. 19. "Christianæ Catechesis Sciographia," Franek. 1635, 8vo. 20. "Lectiones in omnes Psalmos Davidis," Amst. 1635, 8vo; Lond. 1647. These last five were posthumous publications. Besides these, he wrote some prefaces, &c. to the works of others. His Latin works were reprinted at Amsterdamn in 1658, 5 vols. 8vo, by Matthias Nethenus.1

AMHERST (Jeffery, Lord AMHERST), was the second son of Jeffery Amherst, of Riverhead, in Kent, esq. and of Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Kerrill, of Hadlow, in Kent, esq. and was born Jan. 29, 1717. He devoted himself very early to the profession of arms, having received an ensign's commission in the guards, in 1731, when he was only fourteen years of age; but about ten years afterwards he was aide-de-camp to general, afterwards lord Ligonier, and in that capacity was present with the general at the battles of Roucox, Dettingen, and Fontenoy. He was afterwards admitted on the staff of the duke of Cumberland, with whom he was present at the engagements of Laffeld and Hastenbeck. In 1756, he was appointed to the command of the fifteenth regiment of foot, and in two years more obtained the rank of major-general in the army.

When the war broke out between France and England,

Biog. Brit.-Cole's MS, Athenæ Cantab. in Brit. Mus.-Mosheim's Eccl. History,

of which North America was the principal theatre, general Amherst was appointed to serve in that country, where he soon had opportunities of displaying his talents. The courage and military skill which entitled him to the trust thus reposed in him, were not long unattested by the fears of his enemies, and the acclamations of his country. In the summer of 1758, he undertook the expedition against Louisbourg, which, together with the island of Cape Breton, on which it is situated, in the gulph of St. Lawrence, surrendered, with all its dependencies, to his victorious arms, July 26 of that year. This conquest not only deprived the enemy of an important place of strength, on which the prosperity of their most valuable possessions in America depended, as it was the guardian and protector of their trade in that part of the world, but it also put Great Britain in possession of the navigation of the river St. Lawrence, cut off France from the advantages of her fishery, and by that means considerably distressed her West India islands, and finally opened the road for the reduction of Canada. The same campaign was distinguished by another very important atchievement; for in the month of November following, a plan being laid by general Amherst for the capture of Fort du Quesne, one of the keys of Canada, situated on the lakes, and the execution being intrusted to brigadier-general Forbes, the assault proved successful, and the fortress was accordingly taken; measures being adopted at the same time with so much spirit and wisdom, that the Indians were so far detached from the alliance of the enemy, as to give no obstruction to the expedition. In the ensuing campaign another strong station was reduced, under the prudent auspices of general Amherst. Sir William Johnson, to whom the command of the expedition against Niagara devolved, in consequence of the accidental death of brigadier Prideaux, on the 24th July, 1759, having defeated and taken M. D'Aubrey near that place, the fort surrendered the next day. This important victory threw the whole of the Indian fur trade into the hands of the English; and also secured the British dominions in that quarter from all hostile annoyance.

Some time before this, general Abercrombie had made an unsuccessful attempt on Ticonderoga, in which, together with a considerable number of men, the British army had been deprived of those gallant young officers, lord