ANDERSON (WALTER), D. D. a native of Scotland, and for fifty years minister of Chirnside, where he died at a very advanced age, July 1800, deserves some notice in this work as the author of the History of France, which was published in 1769, under the title of "The History of France during the reigns of Francis II. and Charles IX. To which is prefixed, a Review of the General History of the Monarchy, from its origin to that period," 2 vols. 4to. The success of these volumes was very indifferent; yet in 1775, the author published "The History of France, from the commencement of the reign of Henry III. and the rise of the Catholic league; to the peace of Vervins, and the establishment of the famous edict of Nantes, in the reign of Henry IV. 1 vol. 4to. In 1783, he published two more volumes, containing his history "From the commencement of the reign of Lewis XIII. to the general peace of Munster." The reception of this was equally discouraging with that of the former works. Dr. Anderson displays none of the essential qualities of historic writing, no research into the secret springs of action, no discrimination of character, and no industry in accumulating and examining authorities. Even as a compiler, he is guided only by one set of materials which he found in the French writers, and may therefore be consulted by the English reader, as a collector of their opinions, while he is highly censurable in not having recourse to original papers and documents respecting the affairs occasionally introduced pertaining to his own country. His style is uniformly tame and defaced by colloquial barbarisms.

His next publication deserves to be mentioned in more favourable terms. It was entitled "The Philosophy of ancient Greece investigated, in its origin and progress, to the æras of its greatest celebrity, in the Ionian, Italic, and Athenian schools, with remarks on the delineated systems of their founders," 4to. His principal object appears to have been to supply the deficiencies in Mr. Stanley's work, and to give place to remarks upon the reasoning employed by the most eminent of the Grecian philosophers, in support of their physical, theological, and moral systems; to give a fuller and more connected display of their theories and arguments, and to relieve the frigidity of their bare details, by interspersing observations. In this work he displays much learning, and is in general

both accurate and perspicuous, although he is still deficient in the graces of style. Perhaps it would have been more successful, had it not appeared at the same time with Dr. Enfield's excellent abridgement of Brucker's history of philosophy. In his youth he is said to have published "The Life of Croesus," 12mo, which he sold himself; and is now become scarce.'

ANDIER. See DESROCHERS.

ANDLO (PETER D'), a lawyer and professor at Basil, was rector of the university in 1471, and many of his manuscripts are preserved in the library. His work, "De Imperio Romano," was printed at Strasburgh, 1603, 4to, and reprinted 1612. He wrote also a historical chronicle in German, from the creation to the year 1400; but it is doubtful whether it was ever published. There is another, ANDLO, an assumed name, of which some account will be given in the life of Des Marets. 2

ANDOCIDES, an Athenian orator, the son of Leogoras, was born at Athens in the year 468 B. C. He was early employed in public affairs, and was one of those who in 445 B. C. negociated the peace of thirty years with the Lacedæmonians, which preceded the Peloponnesian war. Some time after he had the joint command with Glaucon of a fleet which the Athenians sent to the assistance of the Corcyrians against the Corinthians. His connexion with Alcibiades, and other young men, gave occasion to a suspicion that he had profaned the Eleusinian mysteries, and from this he escaped by accusing certain persons, He was afterwards banished and recalled, and twice in danger of his life from popular commotions. Four of his orations, in a simple unornamented style, have descended to us, although not without some suspicion of their authenticity. They are published in the "Oratores Græci veteres," of H. Stephens, 1575, fol.; and in those of Reiske. 3

ANDOQUE (PETER), and not ANDROQUE, as in some authors, was a counsellor of the presidial court of Beziers in France, where he died in 1664. He published, 1. Histoire de Languedoc, avec l'etat des provinces. toisines," Beziers, 1648, fol. Le Long mentions a previous edition of 1623, the existence of which is doubted in our authority. 2. "Catalogue des eveques de Beziers,'

Gent. Mag. vol. LXX, &c.

2 Biog. Universelle.-Gen. Dict. 3 Fabr. Bibl. Græc.-Moreri,-Saxii Onomasticon.

1650, 4to. The history of Languedoc comes down to the year 1610, and the list of bishops to the time of publica

ANDRADA (ALPHONSUS D'), a Spanish writer, was born at Toledo in 1590, and taught philosophy in that city before he entered the society of the Jesuits in 1622. He was likewise professor of moral philosophy, and died at Madrid, June 20, 1672. His principal works were: 1. "An Historical Itinerary," Madrid, 1657, 2 vols. 4to. 2. "Meditations on every day of the year," 1660, 4 vols. 3. "The lives of illustrious Jesuits," 1666-7, 2

16mo.

ANDRADA (ANTHONY) was born about 1580, entered when very young, as we find was usual, into the society of the Jesuits, and became noted for his missionary zeal in India and Tartary. Whatever religion owes, geogra phy is in some respect indebted to his labours. In 1624 he went to Thibet, which was probably visited by Mark Paul in the thirteenth century, but had been till now totally forgotten by European travellers. On his return to Goa, his superiors employed him in some affairs of importance, and he died March 16, 1634, as it is said, of poison. The chief merit of his travels, published at Lisbon, 1626, consists in their affording the first description of Thibet, but they contain many mistakes and fabulous matters; nor has the state of that country ever been faithfully delineated, unless by our countryman Turner. Andrada's work, which was written in Portuguese, has been twice translated into French: the last translation is that of Peron and Billecocq, in their "Recueil de voyages au Thibet," Paris, 1796.

ANDRADA (DIEGO DE PAYVA D'), or ANDRADIUS, a learned Portuguese, was born in 1528, at Coimbra, and distinguished himself at the council of Trent, where king Sebastian sent him as one of his divines. He preached before the assembly the second sunday after Easter in 1562: nor was he contented with the service he did in explaining those points upon which he was consulted, but he employed his pen in defence of the canons of the council, in a treatise entitled "Orthodoxarum explicationum, lib. x." Venice, 1564, 4to, a very rare edition, and more correct than that of Cologn of the same date.

Biographie Universelle.

3 Ibid.-Moreri.

Ibid. Bibl. Script. Societ. Jesu.

It forms a reply to a book published by Chemnitius, against the doctrine of the Jesuits before the close of the council of Trent; and as Chemnitius took this opportunity of writing a very large work, entitled "Examen concilii Tridentini," Andrada thought himself obliged to defend his first piece against this learned adversary. He composed therefore a book, which his two brothers published after his death, at Lisbon, in 1578, 4to, entitled "Defensio Tridentinae fidei catholicæ quinque libris comprehensa, adversus hæreticorum calumnias, et præsertim Martini Chemnitii." This work is likewise very difficult to be met with. There is scarce any catholic author who has been more quoted by the protestants than he, because he maintained the opinions of Zuinglius, Erasmus, &c. concerning the salvation of the heathens. Andrada was esteemed an excellent preacher: his sermons were published in three parts, the second of which was translated into Spanish by Benedict de Alarcon. The Bibliotheque of the Spanish writers does not mention all his works; the book he wrote concerning the pope's authority, during the council ("De conciliorum autoritate,") in 1562, is omitted. The pope's legates being very well pleased with this work, sent it to cardinal Borromeo; the court of Rome also approved it extremely, and the pope returned the author thanks in a very obliging manner; from which circumstances it will not be difficult to appreciate its merits. He stands indeed very high among popish writers, and many encomiums have been bestowed upon him: Osorius, in his preface to the "Orthodox explanations of Andradius," gives him the character of a man of wit, vast application, great knowledge in the languages, with all the zeal and eloquence necessary to a good preacher; and Rosweidus says, that he brought to the council of Trent the understanding of a most profound divine, and the eloquence of a consummate orator.

1

ANDRADA (FRANCIS D'), historiographer to Philip III. king of Spain, wrote the history of John III. king of Portugal: this work, in the Portuguese tongue, was published at Lisbon in 1525, 4to. He was brother to the preceding theologian, and left a son DIEGO, who died in 1660, at the age of eighty-four, and is known in Portugal as the author of a poem on the siege of Chaoul, and by an "Ex

VOL. II.

1 Gen. Diet.-Moreri,-Antonii Bibl. Hispan

amination of the antiquities of Portugal," 4to; which is a criticism on Bernard Brito's "Portuguese monarchy." He also published in 1630, a moral work, of which there have been many editions, under the title of "Casamento perfecto," or the perfect marriage.

1

ANDRADA (THOMAS D'), another brother to Diego, styled in his order Thomas of Jesus, who began the reform of the barefoot Augustines, and followed the king don Sebastian in his unfortunate expedition in Africa. The infidels shut him up in a cave, where he composed in Portuguese his famous book, entitled "The Sufferings of Jesus;" translated into French in 2 vols. 12mo. His sister, Yolande d'Andrada, countess of Lignerez, sent him money to purchase his liberty; but he chose rather to employ himself in his captivity, in consoling the Christians that suffered with him. He died in 1582.*

ANDRE (ST). See ST. ANDRE.

ANDREA (JOHN GERARD REINHARD), a German apothecary of considerable learning and excellent character, was born at Hanover in 1724; studied first at Berlin, and afterwards passed a few years in the principal German and Dutch universities. He resided likewise some time in England, and formed an acquaintance, in the course of his various travels, with the most eminent physicians and chemists of the age. On his return to Hanover, he succeeded to his father's business, who was an apothecary; and published from time to time, in the Hanoverian Magazine, many learned and useful dissertations on medical and chemical subjects, and formed a very fine museum of natural history; of which, at his death, he left a catalogue raisonné. In 1765, by desire of his Britannic majesty, he undertook an examination of the different kinds of earth in the electorate of Hanover, and published the result in 1769, under the title of "Dissertation on the earths which compose the soil, &c. and their uses in agriculture." He died in 1793, particularly regretted by the poor, to whom he always tendered his services gratuitously. Zimmerman speaks in the highest terms of his learning and virtues.

3

ANDREANI (ANDREA), an eminent engraver, was a native of Mantua; for which reason he frequently added to his name or monogram INTAGLIAT, MANTUANO, which has led some to mistake him for Andrew Mantegna.

'Gen. Dict.-Moreri.-Antonii Bibl. Hispan. Ibid. 3 Biog. Universelle,