Norimberg, a curious instrument, which from its figure he called Folium Populi, which, by the sun's rays, shewed the hour in all parts of the earth, and even the unequal hours of the Jews. In 1534 he published his "Inscrip-. tiones sacro-sanctæ Vetustatis variæ," Ingost. fol. and in. the same year, his "Instrumentum Sinuum, sive Primi Mobilis," fol. with 100 problems; and was the author of many other works; among which may be mentioned the Ephemerides from the year 1534 for several years, and books, upon Shadows, Arithmetical Centilogues: books upon Arithmetic, with the rule of Coss (Algebra) demonstrated; upon; Guaging; Almanacks, with Astrological directions; a book upon Conjunctions; Ptolemy with very correct figures, drawn in a quadrangular form; Ptolemy's works in Greek; books of Eclipses; the works of Azoph, a very ancient astrologer; the works of Gebre; the perspective of Vitello, of Critical Days, and of the Rainbow; a new Astronomical and Geometrical Radius, with various uses of sines and chords; Universal Astrolabe of Numbers; maps of the world, and of particular countries, &c.

Apian left a son, Philip, who many years afterwards taught mathematics at Ingolstadt, and at Tubing. Tycho has preserved his letter to the landgrave of Hesse, in which he gives an opinion on the new star in Cassiopeia, of the year 1572. He died at Tubing in 1589. One of the comets observed by the elder Apian, viz. that of 1532, had its elements nearly the same as of one observed 128 years and a quarter after, viz. in 1661, by Hevelius and other astronomers; from hence Dr. Halley judged that they were the same comet, and that therefore it might be expected to appear again in the beginning of 1789. But it was not found that it returned at this period, although the astronomers then looked anxiously for it: and it is doubt, ful whether the disappointment might be owing to its pass ing unobserved, or to any errors in the observations of Apian, or to its period being disturbed and greatly altered by the actions of the superior planets.

APION, a famous grammarian, born at Oasis in Egypt, was a professor at Rome in Tiberius's reign. He was undeniably a man of learning, had made the most diligent inquiries into the abstrusest subjects of antiquity, and was

'Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary-Gen. Dict.-Many valuable references in Saxii Onomasticon,

master of all those points which give to erudition the cha racter of accuracy and variety. But he appears to have often been an arrogant boaster, and most importantly busied in difficult and insignificant inquiries. Bayle quotes Julius Africanus, as calling him "the most minutely curious of all grammarians;" and he might have applied to him, what Strabo has to a pedant," who vainly trifles about the reading of a passage," though the sense was exactly the same, as far as they were concerned with it, whichever way it was read. An idea may be formed of this writer from his imagining that he had performed something extraordinary, when he discovered that the two first letters of the Iliad, taken numerically, made up 48; and that Homer chose to begin his Iliad with a word, the two first letters of which would shew, that his two poems would contain 48 books..

Apion used to boast, with the greatest confidence, that he gave immortality to those to whom he dedicated his works, but none of these works remain; and his name and person had long ago been buried in oblivion, if other writers had not made mention of them. One of his chief works was "The Antiquities of Egypt," in which he takes occasion to abuse the Jews; and not content with this, he composed a work expressly against them. He had before shewn his malice against this people: for, being at the head of an embassy, which the Alexandrians had sent to Caligula, to complain of the Jews in their city, he accused them of several crimes; and insisted principally upon a point, the most likely to provoke the emperor, which was, that, while all the other people of the empire dedicated temples and altars to him, the Jews refused. With regard to his writings against them, Josephus thought himself obliged to confute the calumnies contained in them. He did not however write, on purpose to confute Apion, but several critics having attacked his Jewish Antiquities, he defends himself against them, and against Apion among the rest, Apion was not living when this confutation was published, for it relates the manner of his death, which was singular enough, at least in regard to Apion, who, having greatly ridiculed Jewish ceremonies, and circumcision in particular, was seized at length with a disease, which required an operation of that nature; and which, though submitted to, could not prevent him from dying under the most agonizing tortures. He boasted, that he had roused the soul of

Homer from the dead, to inquire concerning his country and family; and we learn from Seneca, that he imposed very much upon Greece, since he was received in every city as a second Homer: which shews, as Bayle observes, that " a man, with some learning, and a good share of impudence and vanity, may easily deceive the mass of the people." 1

APOLLINARIS (CAIUS SULPITIUS), an eminent grammarian, was born (as is said) at Carthage, and lived under the Antonines. Helvius Pertinax, who had been his scholar, was his successor in the profession of grammar, and at length became emperor. He is the supposed author of the verses prefixed to the comedies of Terence, and containing the argument of them. The lines by him written upon the order Virgil gave to burn his Æneid;

Infelix alio cecidit prope Pergamon igne,

Et pene est alio Troja cremata rogo: &c. make us regret the loss of his other verses. Aulus Gellius, who studied under him, gives the highest idea of his learning and adds, that he had nothing of that pedantic arrogance, nothing of that magisterial air, which but too often makes learning so very disagreeable, and raises emotions of contempt and anger towards men, even wheir aiming at our instruction.

2

APOLLINARIUS (CLAUDIUS), bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, about the year 177, presented to Marcus Aurelius an apology for the Christians, which was praised for its eloquence and truth. He wrote other works against the heretics of his time, and especially the Montanists, but these are all lost. Eusebius mentions Five books against the Gentiles; two books of Truth; and two against the Jews. As he had spoken in his Apology of the victory of Marcus Antoninus, which happened in the year 174, and of the thundering legion, Lardner places him at the year 176 or 177, though possibly he was then in the decline of life. There are two fragments ascribed to him in the preface to the Paschal, or, as it is often called, The Alexandrian Chronicle, but these are doubtful. 3

APOLLINARIUS, the elder, a grammarian and divine, was a native of Alexandria, and flourished about the mid

Gen. Dict.-Works of the Learned, 1740.

2 Aulus Gellius, Noet. Att. lib. 18. cap. 4.-Gen. Dict.

3 Lardner's Works.-Dupin.-Cave,

dle of the fourth century. When, under the reign of Julian, the Christians were prohibited the use of the Greek and Roman classics in their schools, he drew up a grammar in a Christian form, and translated the books of Moses, and the whole history of the Hebrews down to the time of Saul, in Greek heroic verse, divided, in imitation of Homer, into twenty-four books. He translated other parts of the Old Testament into verse, which Sozomen has praised, but of which it is now impossible to form a judgment. He was the father of the Apollinarius in the next article.1

APOLLINARIUS, the younger, is mentioned by Jerom, in his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical writers, as bishop of Laodicea in Syria. Jerom adds that he employed his younger days chiefly in grammatical studies, and afterwards published innumerable volumes upon the holy scriptures, and died in the time of the emperor Theodosius; he mentions his thirty books against Porphyry, as being then extant, and esteemed the most valuable of his works. Apollinarius is placed by Cave as flourishing about the year 370, but Tillemont thinks he was bishop of Laodicea in the year 362, at the latest. Lardner thinks it certain that he flourished in the time of the emperor Julian, and afterwards; and it seems probable that he died about the year 382. He wrote commentaries upon almost all the books of holy scripture, none of which have descended to our time except a "Paraphrase on the Psalms," which has been often reprinted in Greek and Latin, and of which an account may be seen in Fabricius. In his early days, he wrote and preached the orthodox faith, but afterwards swerved so far from it, as to be deemed a heretic, and thus became the founder of a sect called the Apollinarians. This sect denied the proper humanity of Christ, and maintained that the body which he assumed was endowed with a sensitive and not a rational soul; but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in the year 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in the year 375, and by another council in the year 378, which deposed Apollinarius from his bishopric. He is said to have held the doctrine of the Millenium, or the personal reign of Christ on earth for

1 Lardner's Works.-Dupin.-Cave.

a thousand years. The reader may find a very elaborate account of him and of his writings in Dr. Lardner's works, vol. IV. p. 380-397.

APOLLINARIUS SIDONIUS. See SIDONIUS.

:

APOLLODORUS, a celebrated Athenian painter, flourished about the year 408 before the Christian æra. He applied the essential principles of his predecessor Polygnotus to the delineation of the species, by investigating the leading forms that discriminate the various classes of human qualities and passions. The acuteness of his taste led him to discover that as all men were connected by one general form, so they were separated each by some predominant power, which fixed character, and bound them to a class that in proportion as this specific power partook of individual peculiarities, the farther it was removed from a share in that harmonious system which constitutes nature, and consists in a due balance of all its parts: thence he drew his line of imitation, and personified the central form of the class, to which his object belonged; and to which the rest of its qualities administered without being absorbed: agility was not suffered to destroy firmness, solidity, or weight; nor strength and weight agility: elegance did not degenerate to effeminacy, or grandeur swell to hugeness. Such were his principles of style; his expression extended them to the mind, if we may judge from the two subjects mentioned by Pliny, in which he seems to have personified the characters of devotion and impiety: the former, in the adoring figure of a priest, perhaps of Chryses, expanding his gratitude at the shrine of the God whose arrows avenged his wrongs and restored his daughter: and the latter, in the figure of Ajax wrecked, and from the sea-swept rock hurling defiance unto the murky sky. As neither of these subjects can present themselves to a painter's mind without a contrast of the most awful and the most terrific tones of colour, magic of light and shade, and unlimited command over the tools of art, we may with Pliny and with Plutarch consider Apollodorus as the first assertor of the pencil's honours, as the first colourist of his age, and the man who opened the gates of art which Zeuxis entered.1

APOLLODORUS, a celebrated grammarian of Athens, flourished in the 169th Olympiad, or about 104 years be

Fuseli's Lectures.