rence in 1661, by Borelli, with his own notes, who also maintains that these books are the genuine production of Apollonius, by many strong authorities, against Mydorgius and others, who suspected that these three books were not the real production of Apollonius.

As to the eighth book, some mention is made of it in a book of Golius's, where he had written that it had not been translated into Arabic, because it was wanting in the Greek copies, from whence the Arabians translated the others. But the learned Mersenne, in the preface to Apollonius's Conics, printed in his Synopsis of the mathematics, quotes the Arabic philosopher Aben Nedin for a work of his about the year 400 of Mahomet, in which is part of that eighth book, and who asserts that all the books of Apollonius are extant in his language, and even more than are enumerated by Pappus; and Vossius says he has read the same; De Scientiis Mathematicis, p. 55.-A neat edition of the first four books in Latin was published by Dr. Barrow, at London 1675, in 4to.-A magnificent edition of all the eight books, was published in folio, by Dr. Halley, at Oxford in 1710; together with the lemmas of Pappus, and the commentaries of Eutocius. The first four in Greek and Latin, but the latter four in Latin only, the eighth book being restored by himself.

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The other writings of Apollonius, mentioned by Pappus, are, 1. The Section of a Ratio, or Proportional Sections, two books. 2. The Section of a Space, in two books. 3. Determinate Section, in two books. 4. The Tangencies, in two books. 5. The Inclinations, in two books. 6. The Plane Loci, in two books. The contents of all these are mentioned by Pappus, and many lemmas are delivered relative to them; but none, or very little of these books themselves, have descended down to the moderns. From the account, however, that has been given of their contents, many restorations have been made of these works, by the modern mathematicians, as follow: viz. Vieta. Apollonius Gallus. The Tangencies, Paris, 1600, in 4to. Snellius, Apollonius Batavus. Determinate Section. Lugd. 1601, 4to. Snellius, Snellius, Sectio Rationis & Spatii. 1607. Ghetaldus, Apollonius Redivivus. The Inclinations. Venice, 1607, 4to. Ghetaldus, Supplement to the Apollonius Redivivus. Tangencies, 1607. Ghetaldus, Apollonius Redivivus, lib. 2, 1613. Alex. Anderson, Supplem. Apol. Redivivi. Inclin. Paris, 1612, 4to. Alex. Ander

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son, Pro Zetetico Apolloniani problematis a se jam pridem editio in Supplemento Apollonii Redivivi. Pariș, 1615, 4to. Schooten, Loca Plana restituta. Lug. Bat. 1656. Fermat, Loca Plana, 2 lib. Tolos. 1679, folio. Halley, Apol. de Sectione Rationis libri duo ex Arabico MS. Latine versi duo restituti. Oxon. 1706, 8vo. Simson, Loca Plana, libri duo. Glasg. 1749, 4to. Simson, Sectio De-terminat. Glasg. 1776, 4to. Horsley, Apol. Inclinat. libri duo. Oxon. 1770, 4to. Lawson, The Tangencies, in two books, Lond. 1771, 4to. Lawson, Determinate Section, two books. Lond. 1772, 4to. Wales, Determinate Section, two books. Lond. 1772, 4to. Burrow, The Inclinations. Lond. 1779, 4to.1

APOLLONIUS (DYSCOLUS, or the meagre, from his starved appearance), was a native of Alexandria, and flourished about the year 138 B. C. He passed his life at Bruchium, a quarter of the city where several men of learning were lodged and maintained at the expence of the kings of Egypt, but some accounts say that he lived in great poverty. He was the first who reduced grammar to a system, and wrote many works on the subject, which are not now extant, but of which Priscian availed himself in writing his Latin grammar. We have, however, a treatise on Syntax," by Apollonius, which has been often printed. The best edition is that of Frederic Sylburgius, with the Latin translation and notes of Portus, Francfort, 1590, 4to. In Reitzius's edition of Mattaire's Greek Dialects, 1738, and in Sturtzius's edition, 1807, are several extracts from Apollonius's grammar, which Vossius copied from a MS. in the royal library of Paris, but this manuscript is more full, and deserves printing at large. Another work, entitled "Historiæ Mirabiles," Gr. and Lat. of which Meursius published the best edition, Leyden, 1620, 4to, is attributed to Apollonius, but upon doubtful authority. Apollonius was the father of Herodian, the grammarian.2

APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a noted impostor, was a native of Tyana, in Cappadocia, and born some years before the Christian æra. He studied the philosophy of Pythagoras in his infancy, and professed it during his

I Gen. Dict. Martin's Biog. Philosophica.-Hutton's Mathematical Dict.Saxii Onomasticon.

? Vossius de Hist. Græc.-Fabr. Bibl. Græc.-Biog. Universelle. Saxii Onomasticon.

whole life. He practised every rigid precept of abstinence, gave his property to the poor, lived in the temples, quelled seditions, and instructed the people with persuasive force and suavity. He affected a preciseness and mystery when he spoke, which made a wonderful impression on the vulgar; all the world, we are told, followed him: artizans quitted their employments; cities sent deputations to him, and even the oracles chaunted his praises. He made disciples everywhere: he conversed with the brachmans of India, the magi of Persia, and the gymnosophists of Egypt, compelling all to admire him. At Nineveh, at Ephesus, at Smyrna, at Athens, at Corinth, and other cities of Greece, he preached his doctrines, condemning amusements, visiting the temples, correcting the public morals, and recommending the reformation of all abuses. At Rome, where he said he came to see what sort of an animal a tyrant was, he inveighed against the bagnios with great severity. Having accidentally met the funeral of a young lady of consular family, he approached the bier, and after speaking some words in a low voice, the dead arose and went back to her father's house. Her parents offered him a large sum, which he refused. Here also he pretended to utter prophecies. The emperor Vespasian was so much his dupe, as to ask his advice, which he gave in his usual imposing manner. This he had done at other courts, and most absurd stories are told of his wisdom and prophetic gifts. Domitian, however, confined him for some time in prison, and after his release he died, about the end of the first century. Statues were erected, and divine honours paid to him. One Damis, the partner in his impositions, wrote his life, but it was more fully written by Philostratus, who lived 200 years after. It is among Philostratus's works, with some letters attributed to Apollonius. The heathens were fond of opposing the pretended miracles of this man to those of our Saviour and by a treatise which Eusebius wrote against one Hierocles, we find that the drift of the latter, in the treatise which Eusebius refutes, had been to draw a parallel betwixt Jesus Christ and Apollonius, in which he gives the preference to this philosopher.

Mr. Du Pin has written a confutation of "Philostratus's Life of Apollonius," in which he proves, 1. That the history of this philosopher is destitute of such proofs as can be credited. 2. That Philostratus has not written a his

tory, but a romance. 3. That the miracles ascribed to Apollonius carry strong marks of falsehood; and that there is not one which may not be imputed to chance or artifice. 4. That the doctrine of this philosopher is in many particulars opposite to right sense and reason.

Apollonius is said to have written four books on judicial astrology, and a treatise upon sacrifices, which are now lost. His general character seems to have been that he added the arts of an impostor to the learning of a philosopher. Those who are curious, however, in his history, may meet with copious information in his Life by Philostratus, in Bayle, Brucker, Lardner, and Du Pin. A new edition of his life was recently published by the rev. Dr. Edward Berwick of Ireland, 1810, 8vo.

影

APONO, or ABANO (PETER), a physician and astrologer, was born in 1250, at the village of Abano near Padua, of which the Latin name is Aponus, and hence he is frequently called PETRUS DE APONO, or APONENsis. He is also sometimes called PETRUS DE PADUA. When young, he went, with a view to study Greek, to Constantinople, or according to others, to some of the islands belonging to the Venetian republic. Having afterwards a desire to study medicine and mathematics, he returned, and spent some years at Padua, and at Paris, where he was admitted to the degree of doctor of philosophy and medicine. He was, however, recalled to Padua, and a professorship of medieine founded for him. He attained great reputation as a physician, and is said to have been very exorbitant in his fees. We are not told what his demands were in the place of his residence, but it is affirmed that he would not attend the sick in any other place under 150 florins a day; and when he was sent for by pope Honorius IV. he demanded 400 ducats for each day's attendance. But these reports are thought to have been exaggerated, as perhaps are many other particulars handed down to us, such as his abhorrence of milk, which was so great, that he fainted if he saw any person drink it.

His works shew that he had read every thing which appeared before his time, on the subject of medicine, but unfortunately he mixes, with a great deal of real knowledge, all the reveries of judicial astrology, and caused the dome of the public school at Padua to be painted with above four hundred astrological figures, and when destroyed by a fire in 1420, they were replaced by the cele

brated Giotto. His attachment to astrological pursuits, and a superior acquaintance with natural philosophy and mathematics, procured him the character of a magician, and he was accused of heresy.. This accusation, of which he had cleared himself at Paris, was twice renewed at Padua, by the faculty and others who were jealous of his reputation, and it was said he owed his extraordinary skill to seven familiar spirits whom he kept inclosed in a bottle. By means of some powerful friends, he escaped the inqui sition on one occasion, and was about to have been tried a second time, but died before the process was finished, in 1316. In spite of the profession, which he made before witnesses, when dying, of his adherence to the catholic faith, and which he likewise solemnly expressed in his will, the inquisition found him guilty of heresy, and ordered the magistrates of Padua to take his body up, and burn it, A female servant, however, on hearing this order, contrived, in the night, to have the body removed to another church. The inquisitors would have proceeded against the persons concerned in this affair, but were at length satisfied with burning the deceased in effigy. A century afterwards, his fellow-citizens placed a bust to his memory in the public palace. His principal works were, 1. Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et præcipue medicorum," Venice, 1471, a work often reprinted, and which procured him the title of Conciliator. He often quotes Averroes, and was the first Italian who studied his works. 2. "De Veuenis, eorumque remediis," also often reprinted, but now very scarce. 3. "Expositio problematum Aristotelis," Mantua, 1475, 4to, of which there have been many editions. 4. "La Fisionomie du conciliator Pierre de Apono," Padua, 1474, 8vo, and in Latin, Decisiones physionomicæ," 1548, 8vo. In the imperial library of Paris, is a manuscript on the same subject, which he wrote during his residence in that city. 5." Hippocratis de medicorum astrologia libellus," from the Greek into Latin, Venice, 1485, 4to. 6. "Quæstiones de fe, bribus," Padua, 1482, a manuscript in the imperial li brary. 7. " Textus Mesues noviter emendatus, &c." Ver nice, 1505, 8vo. 8. "Astrolabium plenum in tabulis ascendens, continens qualibet hora atque minuta æquationes domorum cæli," Venice, 1502, 4to. 9. "Geomantia," Venice, 1549, 8vo. 10. Dionocides digestus alphabetico ordine," Lyons, 1512, 4to. 11. "Galeni tractatus VOL. II.

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