On this account, the last editor of the Biographia Britannica remarks, that the conduct of lord Burleigh in Mr. Arden's fate is somewhat equivocal. If that great man was convinced of Mr. Arden's innocence, it was totally unworthy of his character to charge him with having been a traitor. It is more honourable, therefore, to lord Burleigh's reputation, and more agreeable to probability, to suppose that he believed Mr. Arden to be guilty, at least in a certain degree, of evil designs against the queen. Indeed, Arden was so bigoted a papist, that it is not unlikely but that by some imprudent words, if not by actions, he might furnish a pretence for the accusations brought against him. We can scarcely otherwise imagine how it would have been possible for the government to have proceeded to such extremities. We do not mean, by these remarks, to vindicate the severity with which this unfortunate gentleman was treated; and are sensible that, during queen Elizabeth's reign, there was solid foundation for the jealousy and dread which were entertained of the Roman catholics. 1

ARDENE (ESPRIT-JEAN DE ROME D'), a French poetical and miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles, where his father was a commissioner of the gallies, March 3, 1684, and studied first at Nancy, and afterwards at home under the eye of his parents. His first verses were engraven on the trees, and his long residence in the country inspired him to write in the pastoral style. His parents in vain solicited him to engage in some profession, but he shewed an invincible repugnance, and was afterwards enabled to pursue his inclinations. He married in 1711, and some time after came to Paris, where he connected himself with Du Bos, Danchet, and Fontenelle; and during his residence here, he wrote his fables. In 1724, he returned to Provence, and was a competitor for some academical prizes, and in 1727, published his performances. He died at Marseilles, March 27, 1748. His principal works are, 1. "Recueil de Fables nouvelles en vers," 1747, 2. "Œuvres posthumes," Marseilles, 1764, 4 vols. 12mo, consisting of a volume of new fables, a comedy, the Novelist, in three acts, odes, epigrams, epistles in prose and verse, and an academical discourse. His preliminary Essay on Fable, in the first volume, is considered as an ingenious performance.

12mo.

ARDENE (JOHN PAUL DE ROME D'), brother of the preceding, and a priest of the Oratory, was born at Marseilles in 1689, gained several academical prizes for his poetical essays, and became superior of the college of his congregation. The delicacy of his health rendering retirement necessary, he went to the chateau d'Ardenne, near Sisteron, where he passed the remainder of his days in study, and rendered himself dear to the poor of the neighbourhood by many acts of charity. He died Dec. 5, 1769. Botany was his favourite pursuit in this retirement, where he formed a garden that was eagerly visited by persons curious in rare plants and flowers; and the result of his studies appeared in the following publications, 1. "Traite de Renoncules," Paris, 1746, 8vo. 2. "Traite des Tulipes," 1760, 12mo. 3. "Traite des Oeillets," 1762, 12mo. 4. "Traite des Iacinthes," 12mo. 5. Traite de l'Oreille d'ours," 8vo. 6. "Lettres interessantes pour les medicins de profession, utiles aux ecclesiastiques, Avignon, 1759, 2 vols. 12mo. 7. "Annee champetre," Florence (really Lyons), 1769, 3 vols. 12mo. also editor of his brother's posthumous works. '

He was

ARDERN (JOHN), an early medical writer of the English nation, whose works come within the notice of Dr. Freind. It appears that he was a surgeon of great experience, and the first who is recorded as having become eminent in that branch in this nation. He was many years settled in the town of Newark, from 1348 to 1370, when he removed to London; but the exact time of his death is not known. Although much empiricism and superstition appear in his practice, yet many useful observations are to be found in his writings, and he may be classed among those who have really improved their profession. A treatise of his on the "Fistula in Ano" was translated and published by John Read in 1588, and he left a manuscript which is in the Sloanean library, entitled "De re Herbaria, Physica, et Chirurgica.'

ARDERNE (JAMES), an English divine, dean of Chester, was a native of Cheshire, and descended from an an-' cient family of the same name in that county. He was educated in Christ's college, Cambridge, and in 1673, he became a fellow-commoner of Brazen-nose college, Ox1 Biog. Universelle.

Freind's Hist. of Physic.Tanner Bibl.-Pulteney's Sketches.

ford, partly for the sake of the public library, and partly to enjoy the conversation of the divines of this university. He held the living of St. Botolph Aldgate in London from 1666 to 1682, when king Charles II. to whom he was chaplain in ordinary, bestowed on him the deanery of Chester. He attached himself afterwards to the cause of James II. and suffered much in his popularity at Chester, where he died Sept. 18, 1691, and was buried in the cathedral church. By will he bequeathed his books and the principal part of his estate to provide and maintain a public library in the said cathedral of Chester for the use of the city and clergy. His writings were, "Directions concerning the matter and style of Sermons," 1671, 12mo; "Conjectura circa Evony D. Clementis Romani, cui subjiciuntur castigationes in Epiphanium et Petavium de Eucharistia, de Colibatu Clericorum, et de orationibus pro vita functis," Lond. 1683, 4to. In the title of this book he latinizes his name into Jacobus de Ardenna. He printed also some single sermons on occasional topics.'

ARENA (ANTHONY D'), a lawyer and macaronic poet in the sixteenth century, was born at Solliers, in the diocese of Toulon, of a family known from the thirteenth century by the name of La Sable. After studying under Alciatus at Avignon, he began his literary career by writing some wretched books on jurisprudence, and comforted himself for the little demand that was made for them by the fanie of his macaronic verses. This species of poetry, which Merlin Coccaio brought into great vogue in Italy, consisted in a confused string of words partly Latin, partly French, partly Provençal, made into a medley of barbarous composition. The principal performance of this kind by our provençal poet is his "Description of the war carried on by Charles V. in Provence," printed at Avignon, and very scarce of that edition, in 1537; reprinted in 1747 in 8vo, at Paris, under the name of Avignon, and at Lyons, 1760. There are other pieces of macaronic poetry by the same author, "De bragardissima villa de Soleriis, &c." 1670, in 12mo. He died in 1544, being judge at St. Remi near to Arles. 2

ARENA (JAMES DE), a learned civilian and writer, was born in the thirteenth century, according to some at Par

1 Wood's Ath. Ox. vol. II.-Newcourt's Repertorium.

Biog. Universelle.-Moreri.

ma, or, as others report, in Flanders, and he has been sometimes confounded with James of Ravenna, but there is less doubt respecting his productions. He wrote commentaries on the Code and the Digest, which are yet consulted with advantage, and few works of the kind are in higher esteem than what he wrote on the duties of executors, entitled "De Commissariis," Venice, 1584, folio. His treatise also, "De excussione bonarum," Cologne, 1591, 8vo, is much valued, and that "De Bannitis" has a distinguished place in the collection of writers on criminal law, published at Francfort, 1587, fol. We have no dates of his birth and death, but he is said to have been law professor both at Padua and Bologna..

ARESI (PAUL), of Milan, but born at Cremona about the year 1574, when his father came there to be appointed podestat, or governor, was then called Cæsar, and did not assume the name of Paul until he entered in his sixteenth year among the regular clerks or theatins, after his father's death. He made such proficiency in his studies that his theological tutor was obliged to prepare himself with more than common care to answer the objections and doubts of his acute pupil, and he became a very celebrated preacher, although neither his voice nor manner were in his favour. He afterwards taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples. Isabella of Savoy, afterwards duchess of Modena, chose him for her confessor, and appointed him bishop of Tortona. Here he principally resided, and passed his days in an exemplary manner, and employed his leisure in many works, which have been published, and for a long period were highly popular. died June 13, 1644. His principal Latin works were, 1. In libros Aristotelis de Generatione et Corruptione," Milan, 1617, 4to. 2. "De Aquæ transmutatione in sacrificio Missæ," Tortona, 1622, 8vo. 3. "De Cantici Canticorum sensu, velitatio bina," Milan, 1640, 4to. 4. "Velitationes sex in Apocalypsim," Milan, 1647, fol. published by P. Sfondrati, with the life of the author. In Italian he wrote, 5. "Arte di predicar bene," Venice, 1611, 4to, often reprinted. 6. "Impresse sacre con triplicati discorsi illustrate ed arrichite," Verona, 1613, 4to, and reprinted and augmented by the author, in 7 vols. 4to, 1621-1635, to which he added an eighth, in 1640, under

1 Biog. Universelle,Moreri.-Dict. Historique,

He

the title of "La Ritroguardia, &c." 7. "Della Tribolazione e suoi rimedii," Tortona, 1624, 2 vols. 4to, and often reprinted. 8. "Panegirici fatti in diversi occasioni," Milan, 8vo, no date, but the dedication is dated 1644. There was another edition in 1659, 4to. His Latin sermons, which some authors mention, never existed, nor was it usual in the seventeenth century to preach in Italy in any language but Italian.'

ARETĂUS, was a physician of Cappadocia, but in what time he flourished authors are not agreed; some placing him under Augustus Cæsar, others under Trajan or Adrian. Saxius places him about the year 94. However his works are very valuable. The best editions were published by Dr. Wigan and Dr. Boerhaave. Dr. Wigan's was elegantly and correctly printed in folio, at Oxford, 1723: in his preface he gives an account of all the preceding editions. To this are subjoined, dissertations on the age of Aretæus, his sect, his skill in anatomy, and his method of cure. At the end is a large collection of various readings with notes on them; a treatise on the author's Ionic dialect, and a Greek index by the learned Maittaire, who in 1726 published in 4to Peter Petit's Commentary upon the first three books of Aretæus, which had been discovered among the papers of Grævius. Boerhaave's edition was published at Leyden, 1731, and another by Haller in 1771, which some think inferior to Boerhaave's. In 1786, Dr. Moffat published "Aretæus, consisting of eight books, on the causes, symptoms, and cure of acute and chronic diseases; translated from the original Greek,” 8vo, London. Aretaus is an author yet much admired by every physician who has attentively read his writings. His style is equally remarkable for conciseness and perspicuity, and he particularly excels in describing symptoms, and in the therapeutic part has rarely been equalled. There is nothing known of his personal history.2

ARETINO, BERNARD, or UNICO ARETINO. See ACCOLTI.

ARETINO (CHARLES) was of Arezzo in Tuscany, and has been enumerated among the learned men of the fifteenth century. He is praised by Poggius, which Bayle chooses to suspect was done merely because Aretino was

1 Biographie Universelle.Moreri.

2 Gen. Dict. Mem. of Literature, vols. XII. and XIII.-Moffat's Aretæus.Haller Bibl. Med. Prat,Manget, Bibl. Script. Med.