a philosophic life, and died at the castle of the baroness de Garde, his sister, near Toulon, Jan. 11, 1771. It is said that in his last illness, he requested the sacrament might be administered to him, read often in the Gospel, and procured admission into a fraternity of penitents. His conversation has been praised for the candour and goodnature of his manner, as well as for its wit and pleasantry. He had a tendency towards melancholy, but was a good husband, friend and master. With respect to his writings, he confesses that he travelled into other countries where he might take liberties which would not be permitted at home. He professed that Bayle was his model, but he is far behind that author in genius and learning. He had, however, a thirst for knowledge, and besides his acquaintance with several languages, he studied chemistry and anatomy, and had some talent for painting.

His principal works were the "Lettres Juives;" "Lettres Chinoises ;" and "Lettres Cabalistiques," which were joined to "La Philosophie du bons sens," and published in 1768, in 24 vols. 12mo, under the title of the "Works of marquis d'Argens." In all these, religion is treated with contempt, under the pretence of attacking its ministers, a progress which has been uniformly observed in the writings of infidels. Besides these, he published a great many novels, or romances, of very inferior merit, and which never have been favourites with the public; he also published his own memoirs, which at least show that he had got the better of shame. In 1762, he published "Ocellus Lucanus, en Grec et en François, avec des dissertations sur les principales questions de la Metaphysique, de la Physique, et de la Morale des anciens: qui peuvent servir de suite à la Philosophie du Bons Sens," Utrecht, 8vo. And afterwards he translated "Timæus Locrus," the other eminent follower of Pythagoras, both writers who had been neglected by universal consent, but whom d'Argens hoped to have revived. He has, however, rather displayed his reading than his taste or judgment in this performance. He published also, "Memoires secrets de la Republique des Lettres," 4 vols. 12mo, and "Discour de Julien sur la Christianisme," Gen. 8vo, an infamous attack on religion. Both these are deservedly forgotten.1

1 Biog. Universelle.-Dict. Hist.-The Beau Philosopher, or History of the Chevalier Mainvilliers, 1751.-Memoirs of the Academy of the Sciences at Berlin for 1771.

ARGENSOLA, the name of two Spanish poets, brothers, and natives of Balbastro in Aragon, who descended from a family originally of Ravenna. Their poems were published under the title of "Rimas de Lupercio, i del doctor Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola," Saragossa, 1634, 4to. Antonio, the Spanish biographer, speaks in high terms of this volume, and after him Baillet and Feutry declare that these brothers were the Horaces of Spain. Lupercio, or Lobergo-Leonardo d'Argensola, the eldest, born about the year 1565, was gentleman of the chamber to cardinal Albert of Austria, secretary to the empress Maria of Austria, and secretary of state and of war under count de Lemos, the viceroy of Naples, where he went to reside in 1611, and where he died in 1613. He wrote three tragedies, Isabella, Phillis, and Alexander. Bartholomew Leonard d'Argensola, the brother, born in 1566, was successively canon of the metropolitan church of Saragossa, chaplain to the empress Maria, and rector of Villa Hermosa. He accompanied his brother to Naples, and after his death, became historiographer of Aragon, and died at Saragossa, Feb. 26, 1631. Besides the poems printed with those of his brother, he wrote, 1. "Conquista de las islas Molucas," Madrid, 1609, fol. 2. "Primera parte de los anales de Aragon que prosigue los de Zurita," Saragossa, 1630, fol. and some other works enumerated by Antonio.1

ARGENSON (MARQUIS DE). See VOYER.

ARGENTIER (JOHN), born at Quiers, in Piedmont, in 1513, made considerable progress in the study of medicine, and arrived at great distinction in the theory of his art. He died at Turin in 1572, at the age of 58. His works were collected after his death in 2 vols. in folio, at Venice, 1592, 1606, and at Hanover in 1610, which is the most complete edition. This physician, however, was of little service to the world out of his library. When he was called to reduce his observation to practice, he discovered that he had neither experience nor knowledge of the living subject; but, devoted to study and theory, he censured the writings of Galen with much acrimony, which procured him the title of Censor Medicorum. 2

ARGENTRE (Charles Duplessis D'), bishop of Tulles, was born May 16, 1673, in the parish of Argentré, in the

1 Antonio Bibl. Hisp.-Biog. Universelle.

2 Biog. Universelle.-Vander Linden de Script, Med.-Manget. Bibl. Script. Med.

diocese of Rennes. He distinguished himself as a licen tiate, became doctor of the Sorbonne in 1700, almoner to the king in 1709, and the only one upon whom that office was conferred gratuitously; and in 1723 was appointed bishop of Tulles. His favourite study was theology, on which he employed all the time he could spare from the duties of his bishopric, which he discharged with fidelity. He published, 1. “Latin notes on Holden's 'Analysis of Faith,' Paris, 1698." 2. "Apologie de l'amour qui nous fait desirer de posseder Dieu seul, &c. avec des remarques sur les maximes et les principes de M. de Fenelon," Amst. 1698, 8vo. 3. "Traite de l'Eglise," Lyons, 1698, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. "Elementa Theologiæ," Paris, 1702, 4to, with an appendix in 1705, and an apology for some of his sentiments that had been censured.~ 5. "Lexicon philosophicum," Hague, 1706, 4to. 6. "De propria ratione qua res supernaturales a rebus naturalibus differunt," Paris, 1707, 4to. 7. "Martini Grandini opera," Paris, 1710, 6 vols. 8vo. 8. "Collectio judiciorum de novis erroribus, 1725, 1733, 1736, 3 vols. fol. In this he has collected all the judgments passed upon the errors of heretics by the church, the words condemned, the censures of the universities of Paris, Oxford, Louvaine, Doway, &c. upon false doctrines, and the controversies on theological topics. The work is therefore curious, and contains many papers of importance to ecclesiastical writers; but under the title heresies, the reader must expect to find the principal doctrines of the reformation. 9. "Remarques sur la traduction de l'Ecriture Sainte de Sacy," 4to. 10. "Instruction pastorale," 1731, 4to. 11. " Dissertation pour expliquer en quel sens on peut dire qu'un jugement de l'Eglise, qui condamne plusieurs propositions de quelque ecrit dogmatique, est une regle de fois," Tulles, 1733, 12mo. This curious disquisition was suppressed by order of the council. 12. Several devotional tracts. He was also about to have published "Theologia de divinis litteris expressa," when he died in his diocese, Oct. 27, 1740.1

ARGENVILLE. See DEZÁLLIER.

ARGILLATA, or DE ARGILLATA (PETER), a Bolognese physician, was for many years professor of logic, astronomy, and medicine, and died at Bologna in 1423. He appears to have been one of those who contributed to

1 Biog. Universelle. Moreri.—Memoires de Trevoux, Feb. 1743.

the advancement of the chirurgical art in Italy. His works are replete with sensible observations, and a candour which induces him to acknowledge such errors in his practice or opinions as experience had discovered. His observations on the use of the suture, the cure of the spina ventosa, and on muscular motion, are particularly valuable. His works, "Chirurgiæ libri sex," went through four editions in less than twenty years, Venice, 1480, 1492, 1497, 1499, fol. Haller mentions also an edition, 1520.1

ARGOLI (ANDREW), an Italian mathematician, was born at Tagliacozzo in the kingdom of Naples, in 1570. Being involved in his own country in some difficulties, occasioned by his attachment to astrological reveries, he thought proper to retire to Venice, where the senate, perceiving the extent of his merit, appointed him professor of mathematics in the university of Padua ; at the same time conferring on him the title of chevalier of St. Mark in 1636. He died in 1653. His writings are, 1. "De diebus criticis," 1652, 4to. 2. "Ephemerides," from 1620, 4 vols. 4to, and 3. Observations on the Comet of 1653, in Latin, printed the same year. His Ephemerides were reprinted at Padua and Lyons, and continued to the year 1700. o

ARGOLI (JOHN), son of the former, was born in 1609, with a decided turn for poetry. Before the age of fifteen, he published an idyllium on the silk-worm, "Bambace e seta, idillio," Rome, 1624, 12mo. Shortly afterwards, inspired with an ardent emulation by the applauses that were lavished on Marini, the author of the poem of Adonis, he undertook to compose one of the same kind. Having shut himself up in a room, where none were admitted but to bring him his victuals, he finished, in seven months, at the age of seventeen, a poem in twelve cantos, entitled "Endymion," 1626, 4to. This performance was so much admired, that, though published with his name, the critics could scarcely be persuaded that it was not the work of his father. He is the author of several other pieces of poetry, both Latin and Italian, but the greater part have never been printed. His taste for the belles-lettres did not prevent him from applying to the study of jurisprudence, philology, and antiquities; in the latter he was a contributor to various collections. The precise year of his death is not known but it is thought to have happened in 1660.3

1 Haller.--Biog. Universelle.-Manget. Bibl. Script. Med.

3 Moreri.

Ibid. Baillet's Enfans Celebres.

ARGONNE (NOEL, called DOM BONAVENTURE D'), was born at Paris in 1634, and died a Carthusian monk, at Gaillon near Rouen, Jan. 23, 1704, at the age of seventy. He did not entirely quit the world on becoming monk. His talents and learning had procured him illustrious friends, with whom he carried on a literary correspondence. We have by him, 1. "Traité de la lecture des Peres de l'Eglise." The best edition is of 1697, 12mo. 2. "Melanges d'histoire et de litterature," published under the name of "Vigneul Marvilliana," reprinted in 1725, in 3 vols. 12mo, of which the abbé Banier compiled almost the whole of the last this edition is preferable to the others. It is a curious and interesting collection of literary anecdotes, of critical reflections, and satirical strokes. There appear occasionally some violations of truth and justice in both the one and the other; and the public never forgave his censures on la Bruyere. But these miscellanies, says Dr. Warton, have more learning than the "Menagiana," or indeed than any of the numerous "Anas," so much at present in vogue. Bayle was fond of them, and frequently quotes them in his Dictionary, and in his Letters, 1699, where he was the first who informs us of the real name of the author. He published also under the assumed name of Moncade, "L'Education, maximes et reflexions," 1691, 12mo.1

ARGOTA (JEROME CONTADOR D'), a learned Portuguese theatine monk, was born at Collares in Estremadura, in 1676, and died at Lisbon in 1749. He was one of the first members of the Portuguese academy of history, and contributed various historical papers to their Memoirs; but the works on which his reputation chiefly rests, are, 1." De Antiquitatibus conventus Bracarugustani, libri IV." 1728, 4to. and 1738, an improved edition. This work evinces the research of a profound antiquary. 2. "Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de l'eglise primatiale de Brague," Lisbon, 1732-44, 3 vols. 4to. 3. "Regras de lingoa Portugueza,' Lisbon, 1725, 8vo. His other works were Sermons, and Lives of the saints. 2

ARGUES (GERARD DES), a geometrician of the seventeenth century, was born at Lyons in 1597, and died there in 1661. He was the friend of Descartes: this friendship was of service to them both; Descartes instructed his friend, and Des Argues defended his master against Fer1 Biog. Universelle.-Moreri.

2 Biog. Universelle.Saxii Onomasticon.