.

ARNOLD, (GOTHOFRED), pastor and inspector of the churches of Perleberg, and historiographer to the king of Prussia, was born at Annaburg in Misnia, in 1666. He was a man of considerable eloquence and extensive reading, but he disturbed the tranquillity of the church by his singular opinions in theology, and especially by his "Ecclesiastical History," in which he seemed to place all opinions, orthodox or heretic, on the same footing, but considered the mystic divines as superior to all other writers, and as the only depositaries of true wisdom. He wished to reduce the whole of religion to certain internal feelings and motions, of which, perhaps, few but himself or his mystical brethren could form an idea. As he advanced in years, however, he is said to have perceived the errors into which he had been led by the impetuosity of his passions, and became at last a lover of truth, and a pattern of moderation. His principal works were this "Ecclesiastical History," which was printed at Leipsic in 1700, and his History of Mystic Theology," written in Latin. He died in 1714. There is a very elaborate account of his life and writings in the General Dictionary, and of his opinions in Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History.1

66

ARNOLD (JOHN), a very ingenious mechanic of London, who introduced several improvements in the mecha-> nism of time-keepers, for which he received premiums. from the Board of Longitude. He was the inventor of the expansion balance, and of the present detached escapement, and the first artist who ever applied the gold cylindrical spring to the balance of a time-piece. He died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, at Well-hall, near Eltham in Kent, August 25, 1799. The following publications may be consulted for an account of his improvements :

account kept during thirteen months in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, of the going of a Pocket Chronometer, made on a new construction by John Arnold, having his new-invented balance spring, and a compensation for the effects of heat and cold in the balance. Published by permission of the Board of Longitude," 4to, 1780. Letter from Mr. Christian Meyer, astronomer to the elector Palatine, to Mr. N. N. on the going of a new Pendulum Clock, made by Mr. John Arnold, and set up in the elector's observatory at Manheim, translated from the Ger

1 Chaufepie.-Saxii Onomasticon,

"A

man," 4to, 1781. "On the Longitude; in a letter to the Commissioners of that Board; containing remarks on the accounts given of a Clock at Manheim, and that of a Pocket Chronometer at Greenwich; both made by Mr. John Arnold," 4to, 1781. "An Answer from John Arnold to an anonymous letter on the Longitude, 4to, 1782.1

ARNOLD (NICHOLAS), professor of divinity at Franeker, was born at Lesna, a city of Poland, Dec. 17, 1618. He was educated in the college of Lesna, particularly under Comenius, and was afterwards created subdeacon to the synod of Ostrorog, at the age of fifteen, and in that quality accompanied Arminius for two years in his visitation of the churches of Poland, after which he was sent to Dantzick, in 1635, and applied himself to the study of eloquence and philosophy. He returned to Poland in 1638, and pursued his divinity studies for about a year, after which he was sent into Podolia to be rector of the school of Jablonow. Having exercised that employment three months, he performed the office of a minister the two following years at a nobleman's house. As it was observed that his talents might be of great service to the church, it was thought proper that he should visit the most celebrated academies. With this view he set out, in 1641, and after visiting Franeker, Groningen, Leyden, and Utrecht, he came over to England; but unfortunately this purpose was frustrated by the rebellion, which then raged in its utmost violence, and had suspended the literary labours of Oxford and Cambridge. On his return to his own country, he preached with great success and approbation, and in 1651 was chosen to succeed Cocceius as professor of divinity at Franeker, which office he discharged until his death, Oct. 15, 1680, after a long illness, in which he gave many instances of his piety, and resignation to the Divine will. His works are very numerous, and were written principally against the Socinian tenets. Among these Bayle enumerates his "Refutation of the Catechism of the Socinians," his "Anti-Bidellus," "Anti-Echardus," his book "against Brevingius," his "Apology for Arnesius against Erbermann," "the defender of Bellarmin; "Theological disputes on select subjects," "Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews," &c. He wrote with learning and spirit, and had a powerful host of enemies to contend with in

1 Gent. Mag, 1799, &c.

Poland, where Socinian opinions were very extensively

disseminated. '

ARNOLD (SAMUEL), an English musician and composer of considerable eminence, was born in London about 1739, and received his musical education at the chapel royal, St. James's, under Mr. Gates and Dr. Nares, who discovered in him the most promising talents, which he afterwards cultivated and strengthened by constant study. In 1760 he became composer to Covent-garden theatre, of which the celebrated Mr. Beard was then one of the mapagers, and had the advantage of having his compositions introduced to the public through the medium of the vocal abilities of that popular singer and his associates. For them he composed the "Maid of the Mill," which has ever been a favourite with the public. But in 1767 he tried his skill in a higher species of composition, the oratorio, setting to music Dr. Brown's "Cure of Saul," in which it was universally confessed, that he was eminently successful. This encouraged him to proceed in the same style; and he produced "Abimelech," "The Resurrection," and "The Prodigal Son," the various merits of which have been justly applauded by the best musical critics. The latter became so much a favourite, that when, in 1773, it was in contemplation to instal the late lord North chancellor of the university of Oxford, the stewards appointed to conduct the musical department of the ceremony, applied to Mr. Arnold for leave to perform the Prodigal Son. His ready compliance with this request, which, however, it would have been very imprudent to refuse, procured him the offer of an honorary degree, and his refusal of this did him real honour. He was not insensible of the value of a degree, but determined to earn it in the usual academical mode; and conformably to the statutes of the university, received it in the school-room, where he performed, as an exercise, Hughes's Poem on the Power of Music. such occasions, it is usual for the musical professor of the university to examine the exercise of the candidate, but Dr. William Hayes, then the professor at Oxford, returned Mr. Arnold his score unopened, saying, "Sir, it is quite unnecessary to scrutinize the exercise of the author of the Prodigal Son."

On

About 1771 he purchased Marybone gardens, for which

'Gen. Dict.-Biog. Universelle.

he composed some excellent burlettas and other pieces, to which he added some ingenious fire-works. This scheme succeeded; but in 1776, the lease of the gardens expired, and they were let for the purposes of building. We find Dr. Arnold afterwards employed by Mr. Colman, then manager of Covent-garden, as musical, composer, and when he purchased the Haymarket theatre, Dr. Arnold was there engaged in the same capacity, and continued in it for life. On the death of Dr. Nares, in 1783, he was appointed his successor as organist and composer to his majesty's chapel at St. James's; and at the commemoration of Handel in Westminster Abbey in 1784, was appointed one of the sub-directors. In 1786, he began to publish an uniform edition of Handel's works, and about the same time published four yolumes of cathedral music. In 1789, he was appointed director and manager of the performances held in the academy of ancient music, a post of honour in which he acquitted himself with the highest credit. In private life, he is allowed to have possessed those virtues which engage and secure social esteem. He died at his house in Duke-street, Westminster, Oct. 22, 1802, in his sixty-third year. His published works amount to, four Oratorios, eight Odes, three Serenatas, forty-seven Operas, three Burlettas, besides Overtures, Concertos, and many smaller pieces.

In 1771, Dr. Arnold married the daughter of Dr. Arch. Napier, Mus. D. by whom he left two daughters and a son. The latter has already distinguished himself by much excellence both in music and painting.'

ARNOLDE (RICHARD), one of our ancient English chroniclers, is a writer concerning whom very little information can now be recovered. Stowe says, "Arnolde was a citizen of London, who, being inflamed with the fervente love of good learninge, travailed very studiously therein, and principally in observing matters worthy to be remembred of the posteritye: he noted the charters, liberties, lawes, constitucions and customes of the citie of London. He lived in the year 1519." Holinshed, in his enumeration of writers, at the end of the reign of Henry VIII. mentions him as "Arnolde of London," who wrote certayne collections touchyng historical matters." From his own work, it appears that he was a merchant of Lon

1 Gent. Mag. 1802.-Europ. Mag. from an account by Dr. Busby. VOL. II.

LL

don, trading to Flanders. He is sometimes called a haberdasher, probably from being a member of that ancient company. He resided in the parish of St. Magnus, London-bridge, but at one time, from pecuniary embarrassments, was compelled to take shelter in the sanctuary at Westminster. In the year 1488, he appears to have been confined in the castle of Sluys, in Flanders, on suspicion of being a spy, but was soon liberated; and among the forms and precedents in his work, there is a charter of pardon granted him for treasonable practices at home, but of what description, cannot now be ascertained. It is conjectured that he died about the year 1521, at least seventy years old.

His work, which has been sometimes called "The Customes of London," and sometimes "Arnolde's Chronicle," contains a medley of information respecting the magistrates, charters, municipal regulations, assizes of bread, &c. mostly taken from a work of the same kind which is still remaining among the Cottonian MSS. (Julius B. I.) The first edition was printed at Antwerp by John Doesborowe, without date, place, or printer's name, but probably in 1502. The second was printed by Peter Treveris, about 1520, or 1521, and a third, longo intervallo, at London, 1811, as part of a series of the English chronicles undertaken by some of the principal booksellers of London, and printed with great care and accuracy. It is to the learned preface to this last edition that we are indebted for the preceding particulars respecting Arnolde, and to it likewise we may refer the reader for a discussion on the origin of the celebrated poem, "The Nut-brown Maid," printed in the same edition. 1

ARNOUL, bishop of Lisieux, in the twelfth century, was treasurer of the church of Bayeux, archdeacon of Seez, and in 1141, succeeded John, his uncle, in the bishopric of Lisieux. In 1147 he travelled beyond seas with Louis the Young, king of France, and returned in 1149. In 1154, he was present at the coronation of Henry II. king of England, whom he endeavoured to keep steadfast to the orthodox faith, as appears by the letters of pope Alexander III. He espoused the cause of Thomas à Becket, and travelled to England, on purpose to effect

1 Preface to the edit. 1811.-Bale.-Pitts.-Tanner.-Herbert's Ames, vol. III.-Warton's Hist. of Poetry, vol. III. p. 135.