bane (bana), ape (apa), late (late, läte), make (macjan); ware (varu), stare (starjan).

The Anglosaxon á as ă: can (cann), Alfred (Älfred), sap (säp), happy (häpp), at (ät), glad (gläd), mass (mässe), axe (äx, eax), waggon (vägen); as a water (väter), small (smäl, smal, smeal); -asa: path (päd, pad), father (fäder); as e acre (äcer), acorn (äcern), grave (gräf).

Anglosaxon ea as a: shall (sceal), mallow (mealva), fallow (fealu flavus), mat (meatte), marrow (mearh), slack (sleac, släc), wax (veaxan), flax (fleax); - as a: all (eall, eal, al), falí (feallan), wall (veall, vall), gall (gealla), hall (healla), halt (healtjan); short in warm (vearm), warp (vearp); -asa: salve (sealf), half (healf, half); arm (earm), dark (dearc, deorc), spark (spearca), starve (stearvjan), hard (heard), harp (hearpe); - as ē: ale (ealu), dare (dearr), chafer (ceafor), gate (geat, gat).

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The short Anglosaxon e, e, eo have often, especially before a following r, passed into a; e as a: mantle (mentel), trap (treppe); Thames (Temese, yet also Tämese), mare (merihe, mere), share (scerjan, scirjan); as a: mar (merran), marsh (mersc), tar (terjan, tirjan vexare), Harwich (Herevic), harbour (hereberge); e as ǎ: thrash alongwith thresh (prëscan), tatter (tëter), tar (teru, teoru); as a: swallow (svëlgan, svilgan); as ē: thane (pegen, pên), scrape (screpan, screopan); eo as a: am (eom); as a: far (feorr), star (steorra), barm (beorma, bearma), farm (feorm, fearm), fart (feort), hart (heorut, heort) [on the other hand Hertford = Heorutford], dwarf (pveorg), carve (ceorfan), bark (beorcan); Darwent (Deorvent, Därenta).

Long vowels, such as â, æ and ê and the diphthong eó, have seldom been transformed into a; a as ă: ask (âscjan), dastard (to dâstrjan); as ē: thrave (prâv = manipulus), mate (Old-norse mâti sodalis), any (ânig, ænig), Old-English eny; æ as a: mad (gemæd, Gothic ga-meids deficient), fat (fæted contracted fætt), last (læstan), blast (blæst), ladder (hlædder), bladder (blædre, bledre, blæddre); as a: thrall (præl, prâl, preâl); as ē: blaze (blæse); é as a bramble (brêmbel), fadge (ge-fegan conjungere, compare Old-English alle in fageyng (TowNELEY MYST.) = altogether); as ē: waste (vêstan, compare Latin vastare); eó as a: darling along with dearling (deórling, dŷrling), farthing (feórðung, Old-English ferthing); also as a in lad (leod, Old-English leode (PIERS PLOUGHM.), Oldscotch laid). Finally ea is also found transmuted into ă: chapman, chapwoman (ceápmann).

Besides the French a, as likewise a in Latin-greek words subsequently introduced, e, especially before r, ai and au in the accented syllable, are changed into a, as the Italian a, rarely, however, except before r.

The Old-French a, which before n had been mostly transformed into au, but in Modern-English even there frequently returns to a (see au), has very commonly been preserved; as a: dam (dame), damsel (damisele), damage (damage, damaige), dance (danser, dancer), abandon (abandanner), manage (from manage, manaige mansionaticum), manner (maniere), balance (the same), talent (the same), tarry (tarier), marry (marier), travel (travailler, tra

veiller), pass (passer) &c.; as a before a simple r: marble (marbre), alarm (a l'arme); as è very commonly in an open syllable: rage, race, table, nacre (nacaire, Modern-French nacre), cage, agent, nature, mason (maçon), danger (dangier), chaste (the same).

The Old-French e becomes a, particularly before m, n, before which, even in Old-French, it was often changed into a, and r, as ă: example, sample (exemple, essample), ambush (embuscher), enamel (from ámail, medieval-Latin smaltum), channel (chenau, chenal), pansy (pensee, Old-English paunce (SPENSER), frantic (frenetique, compare frenzy, Old-English frenetike), janty (gentil); cratch (crebe, creche); as å: war (guerre, werre), Old-English werre, quarrel (querele); as a marvel (merveille), parson (persone), partridge (pertris), parsley (persil), Old-English perselee, parrot (perroquet Pierrot?), tarnish (ternir, Old-Highdutch tarnjarn), varnish (vernir), garner (grenier, gernier), varvels (vervelle).

Old-French ai, interchanging with ei, e and a, gives à in vanquish (vaincre, veincre, vencre), sally (saillir, salir), cash (caisse, casse), master (maïstre), Old-English maister.

Old-French au. mostly interchanging with al, also aul, in which the English often has preserved al, aul or au as ă: savage (salvage, sauvage), salmon (saumon), hacqueton (auqueton, Modern-French hoqueton); mostly as ē: safe (salf, sauf), save (salver, sauver, saver), chafe (chaufer, caufer), sage (sauge, Latin salvia, compare Anglosaxon salvige), mavis (mauvis, Spanish malvis); with the preserved mostly as å: altar (alter, altel, autel), false (fals, faus), falcon (falcon, faucon), caldron (chaudron), (along with vault, assault); yet also as a balm (balme, basme) alongwith bâlsam, and hance, enhance (enhalcer, enhaucier) with the change of I into

n; see moreover au.

a in an accented syllable has seldom arisen from other vowels, as from in garland (gouirlande, yet provincially garlanda), OldEnglish gerlond.

In an unaccented syllable a primitive a is mostly found before the accent, yet the Old-French e, as sometimes even in Old-French itself, has passed into a, as in: anoint (enoindre), assay (essaier, asaier), astonish (estoner), assárt (essarter), affray (esfreer, effreer, effreier), Old-English aspíe, astáblishe, astáte &c.; also o: abéisance alongwith obeisance, rigadóon (rigodon), platóon (peloton). After the accented syllable, especially in the unaccented final syllable, a often stands in the place of e and i in Anglosaxon as well as in other words: érrand (ærende, ærynde), thousand (pûsend) &c.; especially in the termination ar: liar (Old-English liere), béggar (Old-English beggere), see derivation; mánacle (manicle), sausage (saucisse), Fáston (villa Faustini); instead of 0: húsband (hûsbonde), sycamore (sycomore) &c.; al is also found preserved instead of au: hérald (Old-French heralt, heraut, Medieval-Latin heraldus, Old-English heraud). Confusion of a and n, as well as of a and e have often formerly occurred in unaccented syllables. Compare T. Mommsen, Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliatte 1859 p. 32 ff.

Ai and ay often divide with ei and ey the province of the same

primitive sounds, yet with the preponderance of ai and ay in accented syllables. In Old-English ai often gives place to ei: wey, seyl (sail), streit, seint, feith, ordeinen, atteinen, mainteinen, feinen, preien, werreien, queintise (quaintness) &c. Alongwith these are found ee, e: slee, sle (slay) sede, ysed, sustenen &c.

Ai in the middle of accented syllables arises but seldom from simple Anglosaxon vowels, as from:

the Anglosaxon â: bait (bât = esca, verb bâtjan, Old-norse beita), swain (svân, Old-Highdutch swein), hail (hâl) alongwith whole, raip (rap) along with rope, compare Lowdutch rep raise (râsjan). the Anglosaxon æ: hair (hær) crinis, bait also bate to attack (bætan, Old-Highdutch beizjan = incitare, fraenare).

g, commonly with the softening of a g following the vowel, from:

the Anglosaxon äg: main (mägen), maiden (mägden, mæden, mâden), nail (nägel), brain (brägen, bragen, bregen), fain (fägen, fagen), fair (fager), wain (vägen, vägn, væn), tail (tägel), snail (snägel, snæl, snegel), gain (gägn, gegn, gên), hail (hagal, hägel).

The Anglosaxon eg, eg: ail (egljan, according to Bosworth, agljan like the Gothic), again (ongegn, âgên), twain (tvegen), laid (legede, lêde), rain (regen, rên), sail (segel), braid, upbraid (bregdan, upgebregdan), said [partic.] (sägd, sæd); eh: drain (drehnigean, drênigean).

The Anglosaxon aeg: rarely in the middle, often at the end of a syllable, as ay: stairs (stæger).

From Old-French vowels ai very frequently proceeds, thus from: The Old-French a, already sometimes interchanging with ai, ei: avail, prevail (valoir, valeir), explain (compare aplanier, aplagnier from plain), exclaim, reclaim, proclaim (clamer, claimer, cleimer); compare cairn, Cymric carn.

The Old-French ai, ei, oi, of which ei is wont to be interchanged with the two others, give ai in the middle of a syllable: air (air, eire), aid (aider, eider), aigret and egret (aigrette), arraign (araisnier, aragnier), bail (bailler, bailier, baller), retail (retailler), flail (flael, faial), frail (fraile, fragile), caitiff (caitif, chaitif, chetif), gaiter (to the Old-French gaitreux, ragged, Modern-French guêtre), grain (graine), saint (saint, seint).

attain (ateindre, ataindre), restrain (restreindre, restraindre), refrain (freindre, fraindre), disdain (desdeigner, desdegner, desdaigner), paint (peint), faint (feint, faint), taint (teint, taint), praise (substantive preis, pris, verb preisier, proisier, prisier), impair (empirer, empeirer from pejor), despair (from desperer, compare 1. person present espeir, espoir), faith (feid, foit, fei, foi). pain (poine, peine, paine), fair (foire, feire, fere forum), quaint cointe comptus), acquaint (acointer adcognitare).

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The Old-French e has in a series of words produced ai: abstain, obtain, maintain, retain, pertain, contain, entertain (from tenir), ordain (ordener, ordoner) compare the Old-English ordeynen (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER), it was ordyned (MAUND.), ordeigne (PIERS PLOUGHMAN).

The softening of a g after i is to be met with even in Old-French,

as in many of the instances cited under ai; otherwise the jn, gn which have arisen from ni through transposition are, after a, treated as in: Spain (Espagne Hispania). The Old-French often changes ani into aign; Old-English has sometimes preserved the latter form: campaign (campaigne, champaigne); even there agn, aign and ain stand alongside each other, where English chuses ain, particularly in the unaccented syllable: móuntain (montaigne, montagne, muntaine), bárgain (bargaigne, bargagne, bargaine, compare the medieval-Latin barcaniare).

In an unaccented syllable ai has been mostly maintained out of the Old-French ai: fountain, cháplain, chieftain (chevetaine), cértain &c.; here and there it has arisen out of ei, i: vérvain (verveine), curtain (courtine).

Ay, mostly of like origin with ai, interchanges sometimes with ai in the middle of a syllable: váivode and wáywode, and often with aw: Old-English daw and day, law and lay, the ModernEnglish haw and hay, crawfish and crayfish. It arises from: the Anglosaxon a: aye ever (â instead of âv).

the Anglosaxon : wayward (vævärdlîce proterve).

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the Anglosaxon äg: may (mäg), day (däg), hay (häg septum); slay (slahan, slagan, contracted slean, slân).

the Anglosaxon eg, eg: lay (lecgan), say (secgan), Old-English leggen, seggen, play (Substantive plega, verb plëgjan), way (vëg), sway (svegjan); ég in hay (hêg to heavan), bewray (vrêgëan, vrêgan, Old-English bewrey, bewrie).

the ancient Anglosaxon ag: clay (clæg), gray along with grey (græg, grêg, grîg), blay (blæge = gobio).

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the Old-French ai, ei, oi: bay (bai badius), bay (abaier aboyer), bay (baie), lay (lai = laicus), lay (lais, Cymric llais), ray (rais, rai radius), ray (raie, Latin raja), pay (paier, paer), jay (gai, jai, geai) and gay (the same), stay (steir esteir, ester = stare), and to prop (étayer), fay hence fairy, properly abstract (fae, feie, fee, Dauphinic faye fata), delay (delai from delaier), decay (from caer, keir, cair, cheoir &c.), betray (from traïr, trahir, compare Old-Scotch betrais, Old-English betraised = deceived), mayor (maire, maior, major); pray (preier, proier, prier), ray, array (roi, rei, rai; arroi, arrei, arrai), display (from pleier, ploier, plier), allay and alloy (aloier, aleier to loi).

the Old-French ag in an unaccented syllable has become ay in fórray (forragier = piller).

Au not unfrequently interchanges with aw, to which it is equivalent in pronunciation, compare aukward and awkward, bauble and bawble, waul and wawl, maukin, mawkin and malkin, haulser, halser and hawser. They have, however, in part different origins.

In Germanic words the accented syllable au principally represents, although rarely, where it stands before gh, (Anglosaxon h) when various primitive vowels occur:

The Anglosaxon ea: laugh (hleahhan, hlihhan), Old-English still lihe, lighe (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER), laughter (hleahtor), in the

obsolete raught from reach (reahte, reaht along with rehte, reht), straught from stretch (strehte, streht or streahte, streaht), see the verb. : taught (tæhte, tæht); o: daughter (dohtor); ô: draught (droht); av with the like effect: aught and naught along with ought, nought (âviht, âuht; nâviht, nâuht).

au in Maudlin Magdalen has arisen out of ag, compare Old-English Maudeleyne; the obsolete dwaule points to the Anglosaxon dvoljan = errare, delirare.

A simple a gives au in haul alongside of hale (Old-norse hala, Lowdutch hâlen, French haler)

The Old-French au is preserved mostly with the obscured sound (a), as also the Latin and Greek au (see pronunciation): automn, august, audience, auspice, Gaul (Gaule), sausage (saucisse), gauge (Old-Wallon gauger, Modern-French_jauger), jaundice (jaunisse), causey (chaussée), applaud &c. The forms al, aul, au are partly rendered by au: hauberk (halberc, haubert &c.), auburn (aubour alburnum) also alburn; on the otherhand fault (falte, faute), fawt (SKELTON), and commonly falcon, falchion (fauchon from falx), vault (volte, voute, vaute), alnage an ellmeasure (from alne, aune), also aulnage and auln=ell. For the Germanic balk (Old-norse bâlkr) bauk and baulk are also sometimes written; maul and mall answers to the Old-French maule, Latin malleus.

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The Old-French a, especially before n, gives au with the sound ā (a): aunte (ante amita), maunch and manche (manche), launch (lancer, lanchier), paunch (pance, panche), vaunt (vanter), avaunt! (avant), daunt (danter = domitare), staunch and stanch (estancher), haunt (hanter), haunch (banche), gauntlet (gantelet), chaunt alongwith chant (chanter). en is sometimes made equal to an: maund (mendier). The modern language gradually abandons this au and restores a. The Old-English still frequently has au instead of the Modern-English a in the accented and unaccented syllable: dauncen (compare dauncing [RANDOLPH's Poems 1643 p. 105]), chaungen, graunten, straunge, geaunt (giant), braunched, Launcelot, Flaundres, Chaunteclere, auncestrie; servaunt, tyraunt, ordinaunce, vengeaunce, substaunce &c.

Anglosaxon words are seldom taken by it, as maund, basket, (mand, mond), askaunt, askaunce along with askant, askance (see the adverb). Dialectically this is more frequent.

Even a mere a sometimes gives au: gauze (gaze); the OldEnglish oftener, as auvis (Lydgate): aumail (enamel) and others.

Aw appears in Germanic words mostly with the change of a final g, h, v into w, and is rare in Romance words. It arises from:

The Anglosaxon ag: maw (maga), law (lagu, lag, lah), draw along with drag (dragan), dawn (to dagan), saw (sage), gnaw (gnagan), haw, hawthorn (haga along with hag and hagaporn, hägporn); awn bristle (Anglosaxon egl points to the Old-Highdutch ah, agana, Swedish agn).

The Anglosaxon eg: awe, verb overáwe (ege, verb egjan, Gothic agjan).

The Anglosaxon eah: saw (seah). Compare Mawmet, OldFrench Mahom, Mahommet.

Matzner, engl. Gr. I.

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