a large stable; Anglosaxon stôd, armentum equorum, Old-Highdutch, Middle-Highdutch stuot, (here belongs steed, Anglosaxon stêda). scale. 1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon scâlu, lanx, trutina, Medieval-Latin scala, bilanx, Old-norse skâl, bilanx aud patera, hence in Somersetshire, also: a drinking bowl. 2) Subst.: of a fish, Anglosaxon scealu, scala, putamen; compare the Old-French escale, escaile, Modern-French écaille, écale, a nutshell; whence the verb. 3) Subst., verb; Old-French eschele, eschiele, Latin scala; whence the verb escheller, Italian scalare, Modern-French escalader. Shackle. 1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon scacul, columbar, Hollandish schakel, limb of a chain, Modern-Highdutch schake; whence figuratively in Northern-English, the wrist. 2) Stubble; compare shack, right of pasture in winter and to the shattered corn at harvest; it belongs to the Anglosaxon scacan, quatere, excutere and volare, Old-norse skaka, quatere, agitare, and denotes properly the battered out and flown away corn. The dialectical verb shack, to rove about, and subst. vagabond, confirms this. shoal. 1) Adj., Subst.; (compare shallow), belongs to the Old-Highdutch scalljan, to cause to sound, Middle-Highdutch schal, hollow, Modern-Highdutch schâl. 2) Subst.; Anglosaxon scôlu, caterva, multitudo.

shock. 1) Subst.; from the Anglosaxon sceacga, caesaries, compare West-English shacked instead of shaggy, Anglosaxon sceacged, comatus, Old-norse skeggi, barbatus. 2) Subst.; whence the verb, to set corn in shocks, Danish skok, Swedish skock, Middle-Highdutch schoc (60 pieces), Lowdutch schocken. 8) Subst., verb; Here Germanic and French elements mix, Old-Highdutch scoc, MiddleHighdutch schoc, Middle-Highdutch schocken, schoggen, to be in swinging movement, with the Anglosaxon scacan, related to the Old-norse skaka; along therewith the Old-French choque, a stem, choc, a thrust, choquer, to thrust against.

Check. 1) Subst.; Old-French eschac, eschec; to which belongs check, on a Bank, from the Old-French verb eschequer, to divide by lines. like a chessboard (eschequier), compare the Highdutch scheckig, English checky. 2) Verb: to impede, Subst.: hindrance, are likewise taken from the game; compare the Middle-Highdutch schachen, to give check.

chap. 1) Obsolete verb: to deal; Subst.: a dealer, figuratively: companion; compare chapman, Anglosaxon copman, ceápjan, emere, negotiari. 2) Subst.: a chink; verb: to come open, seem to belong to the Anglosaxon cippjan, secare and to a root cippan; compare Old-norse kippa, elevare; kippr, interstitium loci.

chase. 1) Subst.; Old-French chasse, casse, Modern-French châsse Latin capsa. 2) Verb, Subst.; Old-French chacier, cacier; Medieval-Latin caciare, Subst. chace, cace, of unclear origin. Jet. 1) Subst.; French jais, jayet, gagates. 2) Verb, Subst.; OldFrench jeter, geter; get, giet, jactus. In the meaning: a henroost, the French jet seems taken collectively; compare Latin jactus retis, all fish caught, French jet d'abeilles, a swarm of bees; jet de voiles, a complete set of sails.

Mátzner, engl. Gr. I.

14

jetty. 1) Subst., French jetée. 2) Adj., from the Subst. jet. jar. 1) A large jug or glass vessel with a wide opening; French jarre, Provencal, Span., Port. jarra; of Arabic origin from garrah, a water vessel. 2) Verb; to tick (of the clock) [SHAKSPEARE], Subst. This word points to the French jars, also jar (NICOT), Walloon gear, a gander, Breton garz; according to Tarbe a verb jargauder and iargauder is used in Champagne of the gander, which treads the goose with gabble, as if g belonged to the root. In Cymric the verb jar is rendered by ysgortio, ysgordio.

d) Words with initial throat-sounds.

Cart. 1) Subst., verb; French carte, charte. 2) Subst., verb; French carde; carder, also chardon; chardonner, Old-French escharder, to scratch up with thistles, from the Latin carduus.

cape. 1) Subst.; French cap alongside of chef, Latin caput. 2) OldFrench cape, chape, Old-norse kapa, Medieval-Latin capa, cappa. caper. 1) Subst.; French câpre, Latin capparis. 2) Subst., verb; from the Latin caper; compare the French cabrer and cabriole, cabrioler.

case. 1) Subst.; Old-French cas, quas; casus. 2) Subst., verb; OldFrench casse, chasse, Latin capsa. 3) Dialectic for because. compt. 1) Subst., verb; (commonly count), Óld-French conter, ModernFrench compter. 2) Adj. (obsolete), Latin comptus, Old-French

cointe.

console. 1) Verb, French consoler. 2) Subst.; French console, from sole, Latin solea.

corn.

1) Subst.; Anglosaxon corn, granum; whence the verb corn. 2) On the feet, Old-French corn, cornu.

corporal. 1) Subst; corrupted from the French caporal. 2) Adj.; for the more usual corporeal, and Subst., Medieval-Latin corporale, palla qua sacrificium tegitur in altari.

=

cope. 1) Subst., verb; Old-English copen, Medieval-Latin capa, cappa; incappare operire, compare Anglosaxon cappa, cappe, pileus, cucullus; see cape. 2) Subst.; (SHAKSPEARE), Old-French cope, copel cime, Anglosaxon copp, culmen. 3) Verb; commonly construed with with*), perhaps means originally as much as chap or chop, chaffer, to haggle with any one. In Eastern dialects cope is still used for to chop, exchange. Compare English copeman alongside of chapman, Anglosaxon copmann, mercator; an Anglosaxon verb copjan (compilare?) of dubious meaning, also occurs. All these forms belong to the Gothic kaupon, to follow trade. cob. 1) Subst.: head; little lump of hay (in Oxford), stone (East of England); applied to beasts: a small, strong pony; a seamew, perhaps also: a spider (in cobweb); in a wider meaning: an ungelded horse; further, chieftain (= leader, chief, in Cheshire), hence cob-swan, the leading (male) swan &c., seem equally to

*) Note by the translator: Whether does "cope with" flow from No. 2, the root meaning being head, as we say to "head", to make head against.

=

belong the obsolete cop, Anglosaxon copp, calix and culmen, Old-Highdutch koph, Middle-Highdutch kopf, a globular vessel, Breton cab téte, bout, Old-Highdutch chapf, cacumen, Cymric cop summit. Compare also Old-friesic kop, Lowdutch kop, a tree. 2) The verb cob, to strike; dialectically Subst. blow, belongs on the other hand to the Old-norse kubba, amputare, perfringere. Compare also the Swedish kuffa, ferire, trudere, English

cuff. cost. 1) Subst.; obsolete and dialectic (East of England) rib, OldFrench coste, Latin costa. 2) Verb, Subst.; Old-French coster, couster, Latin constare and Subst. cost frais, dépense. count. 1) Subst.; Old-French cuens, conte, cunte, cumte, Latin comes, -it-is. 2) Verb, Subst.; Old-French conter, cunter; conte. counter. 1) Subst.; Old-French conteres, conteor, in the sense of the Modern-French conteur. 2) Adv. and Prefix; Old-French contre,

cuntre.

cleare. 1) Verb; Anglosaxon cleófan, clûfan; Lowdutch klîwen. 2) Anglosaxon clifan and clifjan, adhaerere, Lowdutch klêwen. crowd. 1) Subst.: a string instrument, also croud, crouth in Halliwell, Cymric crwth, Medieval-Latin chrotta, Old-French rote; whence also a verb crowd, to fiddle, was in use. 2) Verb; Anglosaxon creódan, premere, premi; croda, compressio.

kennel. 1) Subst.; compare channel, Old-French chenal, Latin canalis. 2) Verb; French chenil, Latin canile.

kern. 1) Subst. (Irish) soldier. 2) Instead of quern, Anglosaxon cveorn, cvyrn, mola.

keel. 1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon ceól, carina, navis; Old-norse kiöll, carina, navis; kiölr, carina, dorsum montis. 2) Verb; Anglosaxon cêlan, algere.

knoll. 1) Verb; Anglosaxon cnyllan, cnellan, signum dare campana; whence Subst.: knell, Anglosaxon cnyll, campanae signum. 2) Subst.; Anglosaxon cnoll.

Quail. 1) Subst.: a sort of bird, figuratively, a strumpet, Old-French quaille, Modern-French caille, Medieval-Latin quaquila, Hollandish kwakkel, kwartel. 2) Verb: to despond, belongs to the Anglosaxon cvelan, pati, mori and cveljan, trucidare, compare English quell, kill; Old-norse qvöl, cruciatus; qvalrædi, angor, cruciatus; qvelja, torquere; qvilli, infirma valetudo. 3) Verb: to curdle (of milk), particularly dialectically in East-English, French cailler, Italian quagliare, cagliare, Latin coagulare.

Gore. 1) Subst.: curdled blood, Anglosaxon gor, tabum. 2) Verb: to but with the horn, from the Anglosaxon gâr, hasta. 3) Here belongs the meaning of a Subst. gore, a wedgeshaped piece of cloth let in, a wedgeshaped piece of a field; the Middle-Highdutch gêre, means the same, which is derived from the OldHighdutch gêr, Anglosaxon gâr, Gothic gáis, Latin gaesum, hasta.

Gum, 1) Subst.; Anglosaxon gôma, Old-norse gômr, palatum. 2) French gomme, Latin gummi, gummis.

gull. 1) Verb, Subst.; belonging to the Old-norse gyllinger, adulator, as Adj. splendidus; Old-Swedish gylla, decipere; Old-English gulle

=

gay, fine (HALLIWELL). 2) Subst.: a mew; dialectically it means the callow fowl and the gosling. Cymric gwylan. gust. 1) Subst.; Old-norse gustr, gióstr, aura frigida, Anglosaxon gist, procella, ventus. 2) Taste; along with which gusto also occurs, Latin gustus.

grin. 1) Subst.: a trap, Anglosaxon grin, gryn, laqueus. 2) Verb, Subst.; Anglosaxon grennjan, ringi; (grynn, odium, malum;) compare Old-norse grîna, intentis oculis intueri.

ground. 1) Preterite and Participle from grind, Anglosaxon grand, grundon; grunden. 2) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon grund, fundus, solum; gryndan, fundare.

Hind. 1) Subst.; Anglosaxon hind, cerca. 2) Anglosaxon hina, domesticus. 3) Adj.; Anglosaxon hind-veard, posterus; hindan, post, retro; hinder Adverb and Preposition.

hip. 1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon hype, hyp, hyppe; femus. 2) Also written hep, Anglosaxon hiope, heópe, rosae silvestris bacca, rubus. 3) Interjection, as an invocation. 4) Verb: to hip, popular abbreviation of hypochondriac.

hide. 1) Subst.; Anglosaxon hyd, cutis. 2) Verb (derived from the Subst. just named), Anglosaxon hŷdan, abscondere; Old-norse hŷda, excoriare, flagellare and pelles superinduere; dialectically still in English, to whip. 3) Subst.: a measure of land, Anglosaxon hŷd, Medieval-Latin hida, hyda, terrae portio, quantum sufficit ad arandum uni aratro per annum; compare the Old-norse haudr, terra inculta.

helm. 1) Subst. (of a ship), verb; Anglosaxon healma, helma, gubernaculum. 2) Subst.: a helmet, Anglosaxou helm, galea.

hamper. 1) Subst.; instead of hanaper, Medieval-Latin hanaperium, from the Anglosaxon hnäpp, calir. 2) Verb: to fetter, impede, North-English beat; Subst.: impediment; compare Old-norse hampa, manibus volvere, terere.

harrow. 1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon hereve, occa, Danish harve. 2) Verb; obsolete alongside of harry, to worry, Anglosaxon herjan, hergjan, vastare, bello premere, and herevjan, hyrvjan, vexare, affligere. 3) Interjection; as a cry for help, also haro, an OldNorman cry of distress, Old- French haro, harou, hareu, hari, whence the verb harier, harer harceler, provoquer un combat. The cry is derived from ha Rous! that is ha! and the name of Duke Rollo. See Du Cange s. v. haro. This disputed opinion seems to receive confirmation by the exclamation: haroll alarome! quoted by Palsgrave.

=

haver. 1) Subst.; from the verb have, Anglosaxon habban, häbban, habere. 2) Oats; (compare haver-bread, haversack, French havresac, properly Highdutch habersack), Old-norse hafrar, Danish havre, Old-Saxon havaro.

haggard. 1) Adj. and Subst.; according to Diez from hawk with the termination ard, French hagard. 2) Subst.; in the meaning rickyard or stack-yard: space for hay or cornstocks, perhaps corrupted from hay-gard, compare Anglosaxon geard, sepes, to which belongs the English garden; Old-English and Old-Scotch, also garth, as still in the North of England, and the English orchard.

hawk.

1) Subst., verb; Anglosaxon hafuc, accipiter. 2) Verb; compare Lowdutch Subst. hâk, Danish hökre, belonging to hocken. 3) Verb, Subst.; This word is an expression imitative of the noise.

holni. 1) Subst.: an island in a river, Old-norse hôlmi, Danish Swedish holm, insula, Anglosaxon holm, altum mare and insula. 2) A tree, commonly taken for the evergreen oak, but wrongly, according to Halliwell, who thereby will have only the tree, else called holly, to be understood. The latter is the Hollandish hulst, Old-Highdutch holis, French houx. The form holm, with the change of the n into m, corresponds to the Anglosaxon holen, used for several trees and shrubs (sambucus, aquifolium, alnus), whence cneóholen or holm, English kneeholm, ruscus.

hop. 1) Verb, Subst.; Anglosaxon hoppan, salire, saltare. 2) Subst.; Old-Highdutch hopfo, Middle-Highdutch hopfe, Hollandish hoppe, hop, Medieval-Latin hupa, humlo, Old-norse humall, Danish humle.

host. 1) Subst., verb; (SPENSER, SHAKSPEARE), Old-French hoste, oste, Latin hospit-em. 2) Subst.: in the Catholic ritual, Latin hostia. 3) Old-French ost, host, from the Latin hostis.

hue. 1) Subst.: colour, Anglosaxon hiv. 2) a cry; a hue and cry, legal pursuit, arrest, Old-French hu, huz along with huee, verb huer from the Interjection hu!

B) Double forms of the same Word.

Among the assimilated words enumerated, as before, many of the same origin have been already cited in different forms. We content ourselves here in general with classifying the English words of this sort which annex different meanings to distinct forms, although the latter occasionally flow into one another, passing over those words in which the different forms have received no essential differences of meaning, as abysm and abyss, guard and ward, guile and wile, sludge, slush, slosh &c.

a) Such are those which several contemporary forms, perhaps following one another, in one of the root tongues of English, or different forms of the fundamental word in different tongues serve to support, among which those words are to be disregarded whose different meanings have already given rise to dissimilated forms of another tongue. The following may serve as examples: outer, opposed to the word inner, and to utter in the meaning of extreme, complete, which are based upon two Anglosaxon forms ûter and ŷtra, but from the same root and of like meaning (exterior).

morrow, to-morrow, and morn, poetic subst, along with morning, Anglosaxon morgen and morn, matutinum tempus.

lance, to throw as a lance; especially, thrust, prick, open with the lancet, and lanch, launch, to hurl; particularly, to float a vessel, Old-French lancer and lanchier, that is, frapper avec une lance, darder.