DEV. p. 9.). Marthaes and Maries (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 217.). But genitives without 8, not merely of the feminine gender are often found also earlier and later: Ys broper dep. (Roв. OF GLOUCESTER 1. p. 121.). To Dauid kyndom (IB. p. 9.). pe quene fader (IB. p. 26.). pe entrede in at Temse moup (IB. p. 47.). pi kynde lond (IB. p. 85.). For Marie love (IB. p. 28.) Thrugh Adam syn and Eve foly (TowNELEY MYST. p. 160.). His fader wille thou must nedes wyrk (IB. 167.). My fader ordynance thus it is (IBID). The masculines and generally proper names in s frequently remain unchanged in the genitive, as in Chaucer: markis, Sathanas, Peneus, Theseus, Melibeus, Ceres, Venus, although also markeses, Peneuses, Cereses &c. occur; so too feminines in ce: Sith the pestilence time (PIERS PLOUGHM. p. 6.); still in Skelton: in Magnyfycence syght (I, 268.). Even other feminines are also found sometimes late without the sign of the genitive: For my fansy sake (SKELTON I, 261.) The not denoting the genitive of words in s is termed very common even in the seventeenth century, as in Priamus daughter, Venus temple &c. The genitive termination es is familiar, along with the mere s, down to the sixteenth century: In wedlockes sacred state (Jocasta, 1566). Wisedomes sage aduise (IB.). My ladyes grace (SKELTON I. p. 36.). Goddes passion (A new Enterlude called THERSYTES). A mannes mighte (IB.).

Another sort of absence of mark of the genitive relation, not properly concerning the doctrine of forms, is the employment of the uninflected case after substantives which operate like prepositions, either with or without attributive determinations: He has left you all his walks on this side Tiber (SHAKSPEARE Jul. C.). That all was over on this side the tomb (L. BYRON). Leaving Comorn on the other side the river (LADY MONTAGUE). Thus popular speech uses 'on board a ship' instead of 'on board of a ship' and the like. Of yet another kind is the transition from the genitive relation into that loose combination of substantives, wherein the preceding one operates as the determining word of a compound: Hard by, at street end (SHAKSPEARE Merry Wiv. 4, 2.). Thou com'st from Jersey meadows (BRYANT).

b) The inflection s is also transferred to the genitive of the plural, without distinction of the original declension or gender of the substantives. After the Anglosaxon plural inflection had ceased to enter into the genitive in Old-English, so far as this could be the reason for a distinction from the nominative, the genitive generally was left uninflected, but soon gave to those plurals not ending in es in the nominative the inflection of the genitive singular. Modern-English in point of fact also leaves the genitive plural in s without inflection, but adds the mark of elision, as if an s were wanting. The seventeenth century, inversely, mostly put a mark of elision before the s, which modern copies commonly transpose according to the modern fashion. Instances: And with the brands we'll fire the traitors' houses (SHAKSPEARE Jul. C.). That dawn never beam'd on your forefathers' eye (W. SCOTT). These happy masks, that kiss fair ladies' brows (SHAK

=

SPEARE R. and J.); on the other hand according to John Wallis (sec. XVII): the Lord's House the House of Lords; the Common's House = the House of Commons, whereby he adds, that the fundamental forms are: the Lords's House, the Commons's House.

The complete absence of the mark of elision has moreover not yet quite ceased: Who was the cause of a long ten years war? (OrWAY). They passed this way! I hear their horses hoofs (LONGFELLOW).

Plural forms without s adopt completely the genitive form of the singular: Young men's love then lies Not truly in their hearts but in their eyes (SHAKSPEARE R. and J.). The white hands of gentlemen's daughters (W. IRVING). More than a hundred children's children rode on his knee (LONGFELLOW).

Adjectives used as subjectives, adopting no s in the nominative of the plural, sound in the genitive of the plural, as in those of the singular: The poor's rate obliges us to give so much charity (FIELDING). We may take forms of this sort for collective singulars.

Occasionally other parts of speech used as substantives, which in themselves, we must take to be plurals, also receive this s: A mark'd man to the Forty's inquisition (L. BYRON Mar. Faliero). Let it live on.. till the hour of nature's summons, but the Ten's is quicker (IB.).

Old-English still sometimes used the termination ene, corresponding to the Anglosaxon weak genitive termination ena, which was also frequently found in the strong form of declension, and that not alone in Anglosaxon substantives: Al Denene schire (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER 1, p. 5.). Thoru frerere rede (ID. 2, p. 545.). Crist, kyngene kyng (PIERS PLOUGHM. 1, p. 21.). And al the Jewene joye (IB. p. 384.), But the usage was soon adopted of employing the plural form in es (s) and to let the genitive relation be inferred solely from the position of the substantive: Of whom the book of fadres lyfes spekethe (MAUNDEV. p. 79.). Thei ben now in paynemes and Sarazines honds (IB.). On the olifantes bakkes (ID. p. 191.). Cristes lore, and his apostles twelve, He taught (CHAUCER v. 529.). The plurals in en were also treated so: With gode men almesdede (DAME SIRIZ p. 7.). Judas he japed With Jewen silver (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 19.); but the transfer of the singular es to such forms is old: Ye.. Rende mennes clothes (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 13.). And putte it in to Cristene mennes hondes (MAUNDEV. p. 104.).

Peculiarities in the use of genitive forms.

a) So far as attributive determinations, preceding a substantive in the genitive, are wholely incapable of inflection, of course the substantive alone receives the sign of the case: By the blue lake's silver beach (LONGFELLOW).

If substantives to be taken attributively precede a substantive, Modern-English likewise inflects only the substantive determined by them. The most frequent case of this sort is the determination of a proper name by preceding proper names or names of

kinds: After Edward Bruce's dead (W. SCOTT). I am sir John Falstaff's (SHAKSPEARE Merry Wiv.). So perish all Queen Elizabeth's enemies! (ROBERTSON). Is this the tenant Gottlieb's farm? (LONGFELLOW). Like god Bel's priests (SHAKSPEARE Much Ado ab. Noth.). Of Amanda our friend Loveless's wife (SHERIDAN). The outside of doctor Belioso's house (J. COBB). He bears a most religious reverence To his dead master Edward's royal memory (ROWE). In a conversation at dinner, at your cousin Campbell Mc Kenzie's (MACKLIN). This was common even in Old-English: The desertes of Prestre Johnes Lordschipe (MAUNDEV. p. 122.). By king Henries day (ROB. Of Gloucester 2. p. 532.). Yet not the proper name, but the name of the kind was inflected: pe emperoures August (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER 1. p. 61.), especially where another name of a kind came between the proper name and the name of the kind: Harald, pe kynges sone Knout (ID. 1. 324.). That our kinges moder Henri was (ID. 2. p. 530.).

A name of a kind may also precede a name of a kind as an attributive determination, when the same inflection of the last takes place: To his, the tyrant husband's reign succeeds (RowE). His brother pirate's hand he wrung (L. BYRON).

b) If a genitive substantive is followed by a determination consisting of a preposition with a substantive, the substantive with its determination is taken as a whole to whose last substantive constituent the s of the genitive is added: The king of Great Britain's dominions (MURRAY). The Count of Lara's blood is on thy hands (LONGFELLOW). Here are some fine villas, particularly the late prince of Lichtenstein's (LADY MONTAGUE), A field of battle's ghastly wilderness (L. BYRON). Do my eyes deceive me, or have the enemy besieged my father-in-law's house? (J. COBB.). Old English deviated frequently herefrom, in so far as it could insert between the genitive and its further determination the substantive to which the genitive was referred. In this case the preceding substantive received the sign of the genitive: The kinges soster of Spaine (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER 2. p. 532.). The erle's sone of Gloucestre (IB. p. 530.).

c) If a substantive apposition follows a substantive, the termination of the genitive is commonly given to the apposition, unless it is separated from its substantive by the substantive to which the genitive is referred: St. John the Evangelist's day, John the Baptist's head &c.; and so too with proper names with appositions, as: William the Conqueror &c. Weeping again the king, my father's wreck (SHAKSPEARE Temp.) Forgiveness of the queen, my sister's wrongs (L. BYRON Sardanap.). I was yesterday at Count Schonbrunn, the vice-chancellor's garden (LADY MONTAGUE). On the contrary: For the queen's sake, his sister (L. BYRON Sardanap.). It is Othello's pleasure, our noble and valiant general (SHAKSPEARE Oth.). Compare Old-English: In Piers berne the Plowman (PIERS PLOUGHM. p. 417.).

This rule is, however, often departed from in common life, and grammarians permit, for instance, to say: I left the parcel at Mr.

Johnson's, the bookseller, as at Mr. Johnson, the bookseller's (CROMBIE); others do not even acknowledge the latter to be right. Compare Guy's English Grammar: London 1833 p. 80. If the apposition following a proper name is more comprehensive, the former appears indeed preferable: The Psalms are David's the king, priest and prophet of the Jewish people (MURRAY). See Murray's Grammar, revised by Herrig p. 122.

The double inflection of a substantive and the apposition at the same time is rare: A small and old spaniel, which had been Don Jose's, his father's (L. BYRON).

d) If more than one substantive stand in the genitive relation to one and the same substantive, either only one, and that the last, of the genitives assumes the inflectional mark, or all are equally inflected. The last receives it, if all genitives are apprehended as the totality of the subjects or individuals referred, whether they are connected by a copulative or a disjunctive conjunction, or are placed asyndetically beside each other. All are inflected, if either the word of reference (in the plural), is referred distributively to the genitives, or if the genitives, in their common reference to a substantive, must be thought as separate or as apposed. The intention of making the single members of a totality prominent likewise effects the repetition of the mark of inflection. It is clear that play is given here to individual apprehension. «) Nonrepetition of inflection: Keep your loialty, And live, your king and country's best support (RowE J. Shore). Woman, sense and nature's easy fool (IB.). In wonderworks of God and nature's hand (L. BYRON). Dryden and Rowe's manner, Sir, are quite out of fashion (GOLDSMITH). Oliver and Boyd's printing-office (M' CULLOCH). And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art Had stamp'd her image in me (that of Venice) (L. BYRON). When the contending nobles shook the land with York and Lancaster's disputed sway (ROWE J. Shore). After a fortnight or three week's possession (GOLDSMITH). Whose arch or pillar meets me in the face Titus or Trajan's? (L. BYRON).

) Repetition of inflection: That hereditary feud Between l ́alentia's and Granada's kings (CONGREVE). Here repose Angelo's, Alfieri's bones, and his The starry Galileo (L. BYRON). Mountains above, Earth's, Ocean's plain below (ID.). For honour's, pride's, religion's, virtue's sake (ID.). Beyond or love's or friendship's sacred band Beyond myself, I prize my native land (RowE). They find themselves happy when they can enjoy a pantomime, under the sanction of Johnson's or Shakspeare's name (GOLDSMITH).

If articles precede the genitives, the inflection is likewise repeated: The sage's and the poet's theme (Rogers).

If other particles than and, or, come between the genitives, the repetition of the inflection is likewise of course: He has two sons, that were ordain'd to be As well his virtues' as his fortunes' heirs (OTWAY). They are Thomas's as well as James's books (GUY).

The gender of substantives.

Anglosaxon distinguished a threefold, Old-French a twofold grammatical gender of substantives; English has preserved the three genders, the masculine, the feminine and the neuter, mostly, however with the obliteration of the differences of gender formerly fixed by the verbal form or the usage of the language.

With the abandonment of the differences of gender in the form of the article, the adjective and the attributive pronoun, and with the complete assimilation of the declension of all genders, the recollection of the former grammatical gender must have been almost totally lost. The language of common life and of poetry has partly preserved the memory of them. The conception of the gender is certainly hardly perceivable save through the personal pronouns referred to a substantive (he, she, it &c.) and their possessive forms (his, her, its &c.).

With few exceptions the language of conversation of the welleducated and of common prose has returned to the natural distinctions of sex in the determination of the gender of substantives. The gender is expressed in a limited measure by substantive terminations.

Accordingly, substantives expressing male beings pass in general as masculine; those expressing female beings, as feminine, so that here only animal nature is considered. A few names of things are, in the more general usage, masculine or feminine. All other substantive are regarded as of the neuter gender; even animal beings, where the regard to their natural gender retires, are treated as neuters. Yet the common names of the different races of animals (nomina epicoena) are occasionally determined from other points of view.

Poetry and the more noble prose not rarely depart from the common mode, treating names of things as masculine or as feminine substantives.

a) As regards the masculine and the feminine gender with reference to their distinct forms, the natural distinction of sexes is expressed in various ways.

1) This is done partly by words of different roots, or by words, whose termination denoting gender has been effaced. They originate mostly with the Anglosaxon, but partly from the OldFrench. The one form is exceptionally of Anglosaxon, the other of Romance origin.

«) Here belong terms for men, as father (Anglosaxon fäder); mother (Anglosaxon modor); -brother (Anglosaxon brôder); sister (Anglosaxon sveostor); son (Anglosaxon sunu); daugh ter (Anglosaxon dôhter); uncle (Old-French uncle, oncle); aunt (Old-French ante, Latin amita); - boy (Old-English boye, boy [PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 214 and 6.], compare Swedish bof, Lowdutch bow, spitzbow); - girl (Old-Engl. gerl, of both genders, compare the Lowdutch gör, unadult girl, small child, göre, daughter); bachelor (Old-French bacheler); - maid, maiden (Anglosaxon mägeð f., mägden n.). — king (Anglosaxon cyning,