tertius, Anglosaxon preótteóða, Old-English thretethe, thretenethe. 14. fourteenth, decimus quartus, Anglosaxon feóverteóða, Old-English fowrtethe. 15. fifteenth, decimus quintus, Anglosaxon fifteóða, Old-English fyftethe. 16. sixteenth, decimus sextus, Anglosaxon sixteôda (Old-English sixtethe). 17. seventeenth, decimus septimus, Anglosaxon seofonteóda (Old-English seventethe). 18. eighteenth, decimus octavus, Anglosaxon eahtateóda (Old-English eightetethe). 19. nineteenth, decimus nonus, Anglosaxon nigonteóða (Old-English nintethe). 20. twentieth, vigesimus, Anglosaxon tvêntugoda, Old-English twentipe. 21. 22 sq. twenty-first, twentysecond, twenty-third &c. The tens from 30-90: thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth, Anglosaxon prittigôda (prîtigôda), feovertigôda &c., Old-English prittipe, fourtithe &c. need no more particular discussion; but the hund prefixed to the ordinal numbers from 70 upwards in Anglosaxon, has never, it seems, been usual in English *). Anglosaxon for 100 the ordinal number teóntigôða, tentieth, hund, hundred, pûsend offer no numeral forms of this sort. English offers for 100. hundredth, 1000. thousandth, 1,000,000. millionth &c.; hence 300. three hundredth, but with another number after it, 120. hundred and twentieth, 20,010. twenty thousand and tenth. In ordinal numbers, as well as in cardinal numbers, the unit sometimes comes before the ten: We came the five-and-twentieth to Mobatch (LADY MONTAGUE). Mr. Joseph Andrews was now in the one-and-twentieth year of his age (FIELDING). Were I still in my five-and-twentieth spring (L. BYRON). Old-English: In po four & twentipe zer (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER I. 23.) and so too in Anglosaxon. In the reverse position, however, the ten and the unit were inflected. See Rask Gramm. ed. Thorpe p. 65. That way seems to be limited to the scores. The transfer of the termination th to the scores, as in that cited by lexicographers fourscorth, octogesimus. The ordinal number may, in the appositive relation, assume the 8 of the genitive: Henry the second's progress (GOLDSMITH). Alongside of the Romance second, which took the place of other, which continues to exist as alter, alius, prime is also in use, mosly only in an ethical sense: My prime request, which I do last pronounce (SHAKSPEARE Temp.). Instead of the ordinal numbers we find in Modern- as well as in Old-English, the cardinal numbers as numbers of years: In the year one thousand and sixty-six (W. SCOTT). In Old-English we also find the formes confounded: the threttene artycul, the fowrtene artycul, the fyftene articul articulus XIIIus XIIIus articulus quindecimus (HALLIWELL Early Hist. of Freemas. p. 21.). In Chaucer 4424. one manuscript has: It was the eighte and twenty day Of April. The ten parte: tenth (TOWNELEY MYST. p. 7.). = I have not found the numerals in parentheses, but formed them by analogy. Mätzner, engl. Gr. I. 19 c) The multiplicative numeral, called in another respect the numeral of relation, which states how many whole parts an object contains and how often the same magnitude is repeated in a whole (see Mätzner's French Grammar. p. 162.), are formed in English by annexing the syllable fold, as in Anglosaxon by -feald, -plex, Highdutch falt, faltig (belonging to the Anglosaxon fealdan, plicare) to the cardinal number: twofold, threefold, tenfold, a hundredfold, a thousandfold &c., Anglosaxon tvifeald, prîfeald, tŷnfeald, with which manifold, Anglosaxon manegfeald, multiplex is associated. The Anglosaxon ânfcald (onefold) simple, has been abandoned, as well as felafeald, multiplex (compare the Old-English: by felefold fatter. (PIERS PLOUGHM. p. 243.). Instead of the former single and simple come in, Lat. singulus and simplex, simplus, blended in the French simple. Other Romance forms are in use in a small number alongside of the Germanic ones, as double, triple and treble (Modern-French triple, Old-French treble), quadruple, quintuple, sextuple, septuple, octuple, decuple, centuple. Those going beyond sextuple are very rarely employed. Numerals ef division (distributiva) were not possessed by the Anglosaxon; Old-French employed the Latin singuli, bini, terni &c. in another sense, and made up for them in meaning by juxtapositions, as doi et doi, similarly to the Anglosaxon: fif and fif. Old-English: Thei gon 2 and 2 togodre (MAUNDEV, p. 234). A compagnie of ladies twey and twey (CHAUCER); and so still: two and two, yet also: by twos and threes; by tens of thousands (MACAULAY). The Pronoun. The pronoun, which represents a noun in the sentence, or, more correctly, has the nature of a noun, and has thence its name, is, by its value and idea, distinguished from a mere sign for a substantive or adjective, although it partly serves to avoid the repetition of the same noun. In their form and descent the English pronouns rest upon the Anglosaxon; the Old-French, which introduced a few indefinite pronouns, was here of little influence. In their meaning the pronouns are divided into several classes: A. the personal, with the possessive derived from them, B the demonstrative, C. the interrogatory, D. the relative, E. the indefinite pronoun. A. The Personal Pronoun: It has forms for the so-called three persons: the person speaking, the person spoken to and the person spoken of, not sharing in the conversation, and, generally, the subject spoken of. The second person, and even the first, can be used of the personified thing. The personal pronoun becomes reflective, or referring backwards, if it appears as the object in a sentence, in which the notion of activity is imagined as reacting upon the subject, the active person or thing, itself. For the pronoun used reflectively English has in part streng thened pronominal forms, which we shall not consider till after the discussion of the possessive pronouns proceeding immediately from the personal ones, since they partly repose upon the latter. a) The three persons of the personal pronoun, in the narrower sense, or the fundamental forms for the possessive and the reflective pronoun, are undistinguished in gender in the first and the second person, but in the singular of the third person are of three genders, as in Anglosaxon. They form a plural of the first person, in which the speaker comprehends himself with others; the second, in which he comprehends several persons spoken to; and the third, in which he comprehends several objects spoken about. It is throughout without distinction of gender in form. The Anglosaxon dual of the first and second person has been abandoned. The plural of the third person is in Modern-English no longer formed from the Anglosaxon he, heó, hit, which is still the standard for the singular, but from another demonstrative pronoun se (pe), seó (peó), pät, whereas Old-English long preserved the genuine plural. The genitive of the singular and of the plural comes, as such, no longer under review, but has coalesced with the possessive pronoun. Old-English still presents some decided genitive forms. We exhibit the genitive forms with the rest. Sing. Nom. First Person. I, ego, Angl. ic, Old-Engl. ic, ich, iche, I Dat. and Acc. me, mihi, me, Angl. Dat. më, Acc. mëc, më, Old- Plur. Nom. Gen. we, nos, Angl. vë, Old-Engl. we, wee our, nostri, nostrum, Angl. ûser, ûre, Old-Engl. oure Dat. and Acc. us, nobis, nos, Angl. Dat. ûs, Acc. ûsic, ûs, OldEngl. us Sing. Nom. Gen. Second Person. thou, tu, Angl. pu, Old-Engl. thou, thow Dat. and Acc. thee, tibi, te, Angl. Dat. pë, Acc. pëc, pë, Old- Plur. Nom. Gen. ye, you, vos, Angl. gë, Old-Engl. ye, yee your, vestri, vestrum, Angl. eóver, Old-Engl. youre Dat. and Acc. you, vos, Angl. Dat. eóv, Acc. eóvic, eóv, Old Engl. you 19 Nom. Gen. Plural. masc. fem. neutr. they, ii, eae, ea, Angl. pâ, Old-Engl. heo, hei, hii, hi, Angl. their, eorum, earum, eorum, Dat. and Acc. them, iis, eos, eas, ea, Angl. Dat. päm, (pæm), Acc. pâ hie, hig, hî (f. heó) hire, hir, here, Angl. hira, (heora) hem, Angl. Dat. him (heom), Acc. hie (hig,hî) The Old-English also had the forms thai, they, thei thare, theire thaym, yet in the oblique case it a long time preferred hire, hem. See the demonstrative pronoun. Upon she see above p. 173. Moreover the Saxon Chronicle 1140 has scæ = ea. For the dative and accusative of pronouns the form of the dative has in general early remained the standard, although both partly coincided even in Anglosaxon. In Modern-English the case common to the dative and the accusative with the particles of and to is employed as the substitute for the genitive and the dative: of me, to me; of thee, to thee; of him, to him; of her, to her; of it, to it; of us, to us; of you, to you; of them, to them. In the dative relation this happens where its distinction from the accusative appears needful. The denoting of the cases by of and to is also very old with the pronoun: In the spyt of me (PERCY Rel. p. 2. II.). Thanne ne seo we noзt of hire (WRIGHT Popul. Treat. p. 133.). Som of you (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 8.). Many of hem (MAUNDEV. p. 13.). Yt worp an other Troie to pe (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER I. 15.). Then begynnys to grufe to us mery chere (TOWNELEY MYST. p. 32.). Instances of the genuine genitive form are, on the other hand, found; for example, in Piers Ploughman; hir neither (p. 67.); hir eyther (p. 212. 446.); hir noon (=none) (p. 237.); hir oon fordooth hir oother (p. 373.). In the first person we find ich late: Ichyll (I will) (SKELTON I. 95.). Ich am (102.). The oblique case mee with shee, thee, wee, yee is still cited by the grammarian Wallis as a regular form; in the seventeenth century, however, the enclitic forms mostly appear with e: me, she &c. Mommsen Romeo and Juliet p. 30. The plural has been long in use instead of the singular as a plural of majesty: Duke: Our old and faithful friend, we are glad to see you (SHAKSPEARE Meas. for Meas.). Sometimes us has been shortened into 's: I'll bring thee to the present business which now's upon's (SHAKSPEARE Temp.). Let's not quarrel (OTWAY). The second person is usual in the singular as the address among quakers, in poetry in regard to persons and personified objects, as well as in prayer as an address to God. It has also not gone out of use as an expression for familiarity and affection, even mixed with the plural: Thou say'st I preach, Lorenzo! (YOUNG N. Th. 2, 62.). O Lord my God, Thou art very great (Ps. 101, 1.). O holy Night! from thee I learn to bear What man has borne before (LONGFELLOW). And thou, too, whosoe'er thou art. That readest this brief psalm (ID.). Sophia, can I then ruin thee! (FIELDING T. J.). But it also becomes an expression of depreciation and contempt: Damnation seize thee, fool, blockhead! (1.). Even John Wallis says: Singulari vero numero si quis alium compellet, vel dedignantis illud esse solet, vel familiariter blandientis (p. 92.). Now the plural serves in general as an address without regard to station and relationship, like the singular in Old-English. The plural, however, is also early found, as it seems, as an expression of courtesy: And ye, sir clerk, lat be your schamfastnesse (CHAUCER 842.). Even in the address to Venus in Chaucer the plural stands mingled with the singular: And if ye wol nat so, my lady sweete, Than pray I the.. Gif me my love, thou blisful lady dere (2256.). The nominative (also vocative) of the plural ye has in ModernEnglish yielded to you. John Wallis still cites yee as the nominative, but in the polite address lets you alone pass. Alexander Gill gives, as the nominative and vocative ye and you, as the accusative, you. You was in the first case used only emphatically, as especially in Spenser. In common life, as well as in poetry ye still continues alongside of you: And you, the brightest of the stars above, Ye saints. . Be witness (ROWE). Were you, ye fair, but cautious whom ye trust (ID). Descend, ye Nine! descend and sing (POPE). Ye may no more contend (LONGFELLOW). In popular speech y has been sometimes cast out: Lookee friend! (FIELDING). Lookee d'ye see look ye! do you see? Ye also sometimes appears with an elided e before vowels: Y'are always false or silly (OTWAY). In literature even the interchange of the oblique case you with ye is widely diffused: A south-west blow on ye! (SHAKSPEARE Temp.). Vain pomp and glory of the world, I hate ye (ID.). Heav'n guard ye all! (OTWAY). The knaves. . laugh at ye (ID.). Faith, I'll fit ye (RowE). This hour I throw ye off (CONGREVE). I know ye all (I. HUGHES). Hold your tongues, both of ye, says the mole (RICHARDSON). I fear ye not, I know ye (L. BYRON). |