of personal pronouns with self appended. They of course occur unreflectively also, as is always the case in the nominative, partly, appositively, as in: 'Tis he himself! (RowE). The townhall itself .. was in imminent peril (MACAULAY); partly without a preceding pronoun or substantive: Myself will decide it (WEBSTER). I am myself; but call me what you please (TH. SOUTHERN). May maledictions fall and blast Thyself and lineage! (LONGFELLOW). They form plural forms and are capable of the periphrastic case formation by of and to, as well as of the construction with other prepositions.

The strengthened personal pronouns, appearing only in one form at once, and whose origin is not quite cleared up, are the following:

Plural:

2. Person thyself.

Singular: 1. Person myself. (ourself) ourselves. (yourself) yourselves. Singular: 3. Person m. himself. f. herself. n. itself. Plural: themselves, Old-Engl. hemself, hemselven.

In Anglosaxon silf, sylf, self, seolf was only an adjective, which used to be associated with the personal pronoun in the same case and number to strengthen it: ic silf, he selfa, his silfes, me silfum &c, in which strong mingle with weak forms of the silf. According to Rask ed. Thorpe p. 54. in the Anglosaxon nominative the dative of the personal pronoun is sometimes found prefixed to the silf: pu pe self &c., according to Grimm 4, 360. in the gen. S. f. the possessive pronoun sometimes instead of the personal pronoun: mînre selfre. Grimm in another place explains the forms myself, thyself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves as genitive forms, when also the s in ourselves, yourselves, at present passing as the sign of the plural, answering to the s in ours, yours, would be to be regarded as that of the genitive, and only it remain standing as the nominative, him, them as primitive datives, whereas in her, the genitive and dative are confounded. The confusion of cases might cause the genitive forms at first dependent to be thereafter used independent by, and the oblique cases him, them to find a further support in the Old-French lui meisme &c., as well as it to be preserved in distinction to him. However, since in Anglosaxon, as well as in Old-Highdutch, the interchange of the genitive of the personal pronoun with the possessive pronoun occurs, and in Old-English the distinction of a genitive from the possessive, allied in form, in the pronoun standing before a noun, early disappeared, so that the possessive alone was seen, the invasion of the possessive in those forms might, not wholly without reason, be asserted, to which the opinion that self was regarded as a substantive is nowise requisite. I find, however, in Old-English, hardly even in the latest times, an s in ours, yours analogous to the s in ourselves, yourselves, themselves, as Old-English always offers self, selve and selven; that s, as a real sign of the plural, seems to belong to a modern period. A peculiar analogy to self is afforded by one in Old-English, in a like sense: Walkyng myn one (=myself, alone) (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 154.). That oon doth, alle dooth,

And ech dooth bi his one; for which later stands by himselfe (p. 341.). I mine on (CHAUCER Dr. 1019.). For themselves. northern dialects have theirsels, in analogy to ourselves &c. Compare: They had gret desyre to prove their selfes (FROYSSART'S CRONYCLE). Self passes in English primarily as an adjective, ipse, idem: In the selve place (CHAUCER 11706.). In that selve moment (2586.). Thy selve neyghebour (4535.); and so still with the moderns (see Hilperts Dictionary s. v.), also in composition with same: The self-same thing (SHAKSPEARE Love's L. L. 1, 2.). Thou by the self-same means I learned, may'st learn it (H. WALPOLE). In Old-English the compounds of self, selve, selven with pronouns are commonly so employed that the import of a substantive is manifestly not attributed to the self: At po last he was hym self yslawe (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER I. 19.). Righte as him self seyde (MAUNDEV. p. 97.). Why I suffre or noght suffre Thiself hast noght to doone (PIERS PLOUGHIM. p. 224.). He moste himselren hyde (CHAUCER 1479.). I wot my selve best (9334.). Scho bad me dereliche drawe, and drynke to hirselfene (MORTE ARTHURE in HALLIWELL S. v. dereliche)

Yet we cannot disguise that, even early, self is also regarded as a substantive: Myself hath ben the whippe (CHAUCER 5757.). Who so.. thurgh arghnesse his owne self forgetith (HOCCLEVE P. p. 56); and this is the case down to the latest time. Attributive determinations frequently precede the self, when the pronoun always stands in the form of the possessive: Euin My verie oune selfe it was (JACK JUGLER). To thine own self be true (SHAKSP. Haml). The ministery. . hurried thence me and thy crying self (Temp.). Their proper selves (IB.). The substance of your perfect self (Two Gentlem. &c.). To our gross selves (Meas. for Meas.). What I show, thyself may freely on thyself bestow (DRYDEN). My very self was yours (OrWAY). The truth.. Which here to this my other self I vow (RowE). He feels of all his former self possest (L. BYRON). The construction of self with the genitive is not rare. It is also used as a substantive without any more particular determination: Orpheus' self may heave his head (MILTON). 'Tis Phoebus' self (THOMSON). Agis, who saw Even Spartas' self to servile avarice sunk (1D.). Till Glory's self is twilight (L.BYRON). Self is an eloquent advocate (MACKLIN). A truth, which.. purifies from self (L. BYRON). Then, all forgetful of self, she wandered into the village (LONGFELLOW).

The s in ourselves, yourselves &c. as a sign of the plural, is by subsequent writers, and even in Modern-English, found to be absent where a plural comes in question: Let vs not apply our selfe therto (SKELTON I. 205.). Countyng themselfe clerkes (207.). Learning is but an adjunct to ourself, And where we are, our learning likewise is (SHAKSPEARE Love's L. L. 4, 3.). In modern times ourself, yourself frequently appear instead of the plural forms, where one (especially an exalted) person speaks in the plural of himself, or the pronoun is referred to a one person addressed as you: We create, in absence of ourself, Our uncle York lord governor of England (SHAKSPEARE Rich. II.).

We have saved ourself that trouble (says the writer) (FIELDING). You, my Prince, yourself a soldier will redress him (L. BYRON). You have made yourself to me a father (OTWAY). Yet this is departed from with regard to ourselves.

To the indefinite pronoun, not referring to definite persons, one's self is substituted, in which the substantive character attributed to the self explains the genitive: Out of love to one's self, one must speak better of a friend than an enemy (FIELDING).

B. The demonstrative pronoun points to the object as a sensuous one, present in space and time, then, in a wider sense, to the object already named and known. So far as it points to an object just about to be spoken of, it has been called pointing forwards and determinative.

The demonstrative pronouns of Modern-English are this, that and yon (yond, yonder), the two former of which have a plural form, the latter remains unchanged in the plural. They stand both attributively and absolutely. Yon, which occurs but seldom and mostly only in poets, hardly ever appears except attributively. None of them having any case forms, the case prepositions of and to serve to make up for these.

Singular: this, hic, haec, hoc, Anglosaxon m Nom. pës, f. peós, n. pis, Old-English this.

Plural: these,

Singular: that, ille, illa, illud,

Plural;

Singular:
Plural:

those, (Angl. pâs)

yon, yond, yonder,
ille, illa, illud

Anglosaxon m. f. n. nom. and accus. pâs, yet even in Anglosaxon pis stands as the nominative of all genders of the singular and plural; Old-English this, thise, these.

Anglosaxon m. nom. se (pë), f. seó (peó), n. thät, Old-English that. Anglosaxon m. f. n. nom. and accus. pâ, Old-English thai, thei, especially tho, but also those.

=

Anglosaxon only adverb geond, jând, illuc, Gothic adverb jáind, jáindre, i, pronoun jáins, jáina, jáinata, Old-norse hinn, hin, hitt; Old-Engl. yonne, yond, yonder.

This and these seem forms subsequently dissimilated, both having the Anglosaxon pis for their foundation, since in Old-English they both have the same sound or are only distinguished by an e subjoined in the plural. pis is commonly the plural in Robert of Gloucester, and it is found even in the sixteenth century: Take this our thankes (SKELTON I. 194.). Fye on this dyce (45.). This nonnes (241.). This freers (IB.). Alongside of it thise is early in use: Alle thise floodes (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 24.) in Piers Ploughman, Chaucer and so on. These is the later form, formerly theise also was found: of theise 4 (MAUNDEV. p. 136.); theose is likewise cited. These occurs dialectically for the singular.

That is the neuter in the singular of that pronoun which in

thei, them has assumed the place of the personal pronoun of the third person in the plural. The plural those, which is referred to that, has developed itself from the Anglosaxon plural pâs belonging to this, while Old-English had also the genuine plural form tho: po twei children (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER I. 110.). In the dust and in the powder of tho hilles (MAUNDEV. p. 17.). Thou schalt be wedded unto oon of tho, That have for the so moche care and wo (CHAUCER 2353.); still in Skelton: All tho that were on my partye (I. 202.); on the other hand even those: Of those that welle has wroght (TowNEL. MYST. p. 22.).

The pronoun this is, like se, seó, pät even in Anglosaxon, often weakened into an article in Old-English. See the article. In Modern-English this and that (the latter along with its relative signification) maintain their demonstrative character, and in opposition this is applied to the nearer, that to the more remote abject: What conscience dictates to be done, or warns me not to do, This teach me more than hell to shun, That more than heaven pursue (POPE); then they enter into the opposition generally without this reflection: The clangorous hammer in the tongue, This way, that way beaten and swung (LONGFELLOW). Where they stand alone, the employment of them is more confided to the conception of individuals; yet the immediately present is naturally mostly denoted by this, as the reference to the temporal present especially demands this: This day, be bread and peace my lot (POPE); when spaces of time also are considered, which comprehend also the immediate present or extend up to it: They told me.. that, without some traditional shrugs, which had been on the stage these hundred years, I could never pretend to please (GOLDSMITH).

As a pronoun pointing forwards and referred to a relative correlative that, those, alone are used, alongside of which he, she and they with their cases appear in the sense of the Highdutch derjenige. In Old-English tho and the personal hii (plural) belong also to this class. Old-English readily used the plural substantively together with a substantive determination (with of) of persons: Hi of Denemarch flowe sone (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER II. 378.). Fram hem of Denemarche (1. 295.). It was told us of hem of the contree (MAUNDEV. p. 298.). Whan thei of the contree herden it (p. 293.); in Shakspeare: They in France, of the best rank (HAMLET).

Dialects still frequently substitute them for those.

Yon, yond, yonder, the Highdutch jener, seems to incline in form chiefly to the Anglosaxon and Gothic pronoun; the pronoun was wanting in Anglosaxon as well as in Old-Saxon. All Modern-English forms are found in the more ancient language: My trouth is plight to yonne Skottish knyght (PERCY Rel. p. 8. I.). zone zong knyghte (HALLIWELL 8. v.). Yone man (PERCEVAL 1266.). Into yond hole fayu wold I crepe (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 15.). Take yond ploghe (p. 18.). Yond man (198.). Seest thou not Yonder hall, Ellen? (PERCY Rel. p. 210. I.). The Old-Scottish has also yon, yond, they are also cited in English dictionaries in the seventeenth century (Engl. Dict. 1691.). The moderns often write yon', as if d or even der were cast off, whereas yon is certainly the genuine pronominal form, and

most frequently use yon and yonder: Tho' by yon Heav'n I love thee (RowE). By yon great ruling planet of the night! (OTWAY). View you' vale of palms (J. HUGHES). Yon flow'ry arbours, yonder alleys green (MILTON). Nigh yon mountain (POPE). Yonder angry clouds Are big with spouting fires (H. WALPOLE). I will alight at yonder spring (LONGFELLOW). Used substantively it stands in the popular: What's yon?

Thilke, thilk, Anglosaxon pŷlic, pyle (i. e. pŷ-lic), talis, was used in Old-English in verse and prose for talis, is (qui), hic: Hors and Hengist.. Come to Kent pilke tyme (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER I. 111.). And dryve azeyn ouer pe se pilke pat he nolde (124.). At thilke tyme (CHAUCER 3542). Al goth thilke weye (3035.). Thilke juge is wys, that soone understondeth a matier (Tale of Melib. p. 328. Wright). The long abandoned pronoun has been preserved as thilk in Gloucestershire, in other dialects as thec, thick, thuck that. Alongside of it ilke, ilk, Anglosaxon ŷle (i. e. -lîc), idem, which is to be distinguished from ilk each, was in use, commonly with this, that before it, as in the Anglosaxon se ŷlca, pät ŷlca: This ilke worthi knight (CHAUCER 64.). That ilk man which that now hath the (5600.). But tel me this ilke How I may save my soule (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 20.).

=

=

=

Their place is occupied in Modern-English by such, talis, unchanged in the plural, Anglosaxon svelic, svile, svyle (Gothic svaleiks), Old-English swylke, swiche, also selke (DAME SIRIZ p. 5. 9.); slike (HALLIWELL S. v.), and syke: Herde ye euer syke another? (SKELTON I. 260.), which answers to the Highdutch: solcher, derjenige, and the same, idem, likewise standing in the singular and plural, which is wanting in Anglosaxon in which only the adverb: same, item, pariter, saman, simul, and sam- in composition = Latin con occurs, and whence the Old-English sam, same, in same, samen, samyn together together is derived: Alle sam (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 27.). Trus sam, pack together (IB. 28.). The pronoun corresponds to the Oldnorse sami, sama, sama, in the strong form samr, söm, samt, Gothic sama, samo, samô, c, with an article before it, as in English. It is strengthened by the self, very prefixed: the self same, the very same &c.; and, like the Old-English ilke has also the pronoun that before it: That same Biron l'il torture ere i go (SHAKSP. Love's L. L. 5, 2.). What lady is that same? (2, 1.). Those same precious metals of the history of which he can so learnedly descant (BULWER). The older language has also this same: This same is he that slo his brother (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 18.). The ancient pronominal form samyne is remarkable: That samyne shalle bend Unto us (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 94.).

C. The Interrogative Pronoun.

The interrogative pronoun refers to an object or its quality, which is to be determined in another sentence, the answer. The interrogative pronoun accordingly points to an object, a person or thing, which is to be given by the answer, and is then used substantively, or disconnectedly; or, it has reference to the quality of an object, which is to be contained in the answer. The pronoun stands in a direct as well as in an indirect question. The pronouns