and that frequently, compound words. In the composition, however, there is mostly only to be perceived an arrangement of parts of speech referred to one another, which are combined under a unity of accent. Compare: somedeal (some deal), otherwise, away (Anglosaxon onvêg, âvêg), asunder (Anglosaxon on sundran, âsundron); whereever (where ever) &c.

Adverbs are developed from substantives, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; the bulk of them rests upon adjectives. With respect to their form and, in particular, to their derivative terminations, they are attached to the Anglosaxon; the Romance element of the tongue accommodates itself to the Anglosaxon form. The blunting of the Anglosaxon final vowels and final syllables, certainly takes from them, particularly in Modern-English, their characteristic forms, but they have adopted no Romance compensation for this loss.

For the simple adverb or that formed by the blending together of different parts of speech a preposition with a noun after it is often substituted, which may be regarded as the expression of or as the periphrasis for a simple adverbial notion. The boundary between these periphrases and developed adverbial sentential determinations is scarcely to be specified, and in point of fact indifferent for syntax. We therefore also cite among adverbs a succession of familiar prepositional adverbs, which appear especially in vocal fusion. a) Substantive adverbs:

The case of a substantive may become the determination of the notion of the activity in such a manner that it no longer appears qualified immediately or mediately by the verb; thus it receives the nature of an adverb no longer annexed to the predicative verb. The genitive has but seldom been preserved as the adverbial case of a genuine substantive. Here still belongs in Modern-English needs (Anglosaxon neádes? neád f., gen. neáde; perhaps formed after the genitives villes; sponte; unvilles, invite; gevealdes, sponte; ungevealdes, invite, fortuito). Old-English had also: his thankes; hir thankes; here unthankes, that is, libenter and ingratis, as well as the Anglosaxon pances; heora âgnes pances, eorum voluntate; moreover his godes (MAUNDEV. p. 135.). In Modern-English also the obsolescent straightways along with straightway, and longways, perhaps also sideways, unless confounded with sidewise, as lenghtways stood along with lengthwise, belong here. In Shakspeare: Come a little nearer this ways (Merry Wiv. 2, 2. ed. Collier) is remarkable. The adays now occurring particularly in the compound now-a-days, perhaps rests no less upon the genitive termination. Thus we have the Anglosaxon idäges, hodie, where is not quite clear (compare ŷdäg, hodie), and a dayes in Piers Ploughman quite answers to the Highdutch eines Tages, for which the Anglosaxon nihtes, offers an analogy. The obsolete anothergates (HUDIBRAS), also cannot be otherwise taken than as a genitive.

whilom, Anglosaxon hvilum, hvîlon may pass for a primitive dative of the plural. We must also regard the adverbial piecemeal, as a remnant of a dative, a hybrid representative of the Anglosaxon styccemælum, frustatim (mælum dat. pl. from mal n.). Compare Anglosaxon dælmælum, partim; dropmælum, guttatim; bitmælum,

frustillatim; limmælum, frustatim; heapmalum, acervatim &c. OldEnglish also had flocmele, Anglosaxon flocmælum, gregatim; stoundemele, Anglosaxon stundmælum, mox, every moment; parcelmele, by parcels, which are found in Chaucer. The compounds in mal are moreover treated also as singular or plural substantives, and joined with by, as even in Rob. of Gloucester along with pecemel (1. 22.) also by pece mele stands (I. 216.), and so in Shakspeare by inchmeal (Temp. 2, 2.). Finally, ever and therefore never may be datives, Anglosaxon afre (æfer), according to Ettmüller, the datives from afer; and nafre (næfor).

A few accusatives have likewise been preserved: home, Anglosaxon hâm, domum; back, retro, for which in Anglosaxon on (after, under), bäc commonly stands. On the other hand down, Anglosaxon dûn f., mons, is only a contraction from adown, Anglosaxon âdûne and ofdûne, deorsum, as faith has originated from in faith. Cheap, where it stands for cheaply, reminds us of the Anglosaxon orcype, gratis (instrumental) but can be regarded as the accusative from the Anglosaxon ceáp, which also passes as an English adjective. Here belong moreover the accusatives of the regions of the heavens, when used adverbially: north, Anglosaxon nord, south, Anglosaxon sûd, east, Anglosaxon eást, west, Anglosaxon vest, septentrionem, meridiem, orientem, occidentem versus. Compare: The plains, that, toward the southern sky, Fenced east and west by mountains, lie (BRYANT). Thus especially the adverbs compounded with way, wise, deal, while and time, also in the plural, are originally accusatives, as: straightway, noway, alway, more frequently always, Old-English alway, Anglosaxon ealne veg, also noways, alongside of which in Old-English algate and algates, i. e. always, subsisted; midway, also half-way; otherwise, also otherguise, Anglosaxon (on) odre visan; nowise, hence also the compounds coastwise; corner-wise, i. e. diagonally; endwise, i. e. erectly, whose last substantive appears here and there corrupted with regard to form guise in guess, as in otherguess; somedeal, in some degree (obsolete), Old-English som del, as every del, Anglosaxon sumne dæl; awhile, (wherein the preposition â, on is perhaps not to be sought, compare the while, all the while, a little while); somewhile, Anglosaxon sume hvîle, somhvîle, aliquando, interdum; otherwhile and otherwhiles, Anglosaxon oder hvile, interdum; meanwhile; sometime (SHAKSPEARE Temp. 2, 2.) (this the older form), and sometimes; meantime. The compound of time with the adverb oft is not yet quite abandoned: It reckons with me ofttimes for pain, and sometimes pleasure (L. BYRON); oftentimes (SHAKSP.), Old-English ofttime, as seldentime along with ofte sithes, often sithes, from the Anglosaxon sid, tempus, vicis. Here belong also yesterday, Anglosaxon adverb gistran and gëstran däg and yesternight as adverbs. Numerous other adverbial accusatives are not in the same manner expressed as adverbs. Old-English was richer in those of the latter sort; there we still find way, Anglosaxon reg, accus.: along with áveg, onveg (Do way your hondes [CHAUCER]), fote hot, formed after the Old-French chaud le pied, and many more. aye, always, for ever, Old-English ay, is also to be regarded as an accusative,

Anglosaxon à (= ár), dat. ára, aevum, belonging to the Gothic airs; see Negative and Affirmative Particles.

In conclusion we may here mention the substantives which appear like adjectives with the adverbial ending -inga, -ënga, -unga and an prefixed: -l-inga, -l-unga. In English it is often confounded with the lang appearing in the often misunderstood endlong, (Old-England andelong, also endlonges (MAUNDEV. p. 49.), Anglosaxon andlang, prepos. in longum); compare also Anglosaxon eastlang, restlang, orientem, occidentem versus. Here belong the Old-English noseling (HALLIW. s. v.), the Modern-English sidling, in a side or sloping way (Old-English sidelings = sideways), Scottish sydling is, and those formed from adjectives darkling, flatling, still very usual in the seventeenth century and in SHAKSP. Temp. 2, 1. where flatlong is mostly writen. The moderns have sidelong, headlong as well as flatlong. partlings &c. is still used dialectically. b) Adjective adverbs.

The adverb proceeding from the adjective shews itself as the case of an adjective. In composition with ly, appearing as a derivative syllable, which we shall next consider, we shall likewise recognize a case.

1) In the adverbial forms arising from cases of the adjective, apart from the adverbs in ly, the genitive seldom participates in English. There have been preserved else; Anglosaxon elles from the pronominal adjective el, ele; Old-English elles, ellis, also elle, el; eftsoons (SHAKSP.), also eftsones, eftsone; Anglosaxon sones and sona, English soon; and eft sona, post cito; unawares, also unaware (MILTON), formerly unwares, in Shakspeare at unawares; Anglosaxon unväres; unethes along with uneath (SHAKSP.) is obsolete, as in the Old-English unethes, uneth, Anglosaxon only uneáde. Old-English also has allynges, omnino (compare above sidelings, partlings) formed from the Anglosaxon eallinga, -enga, -unga, so too mocheles = much, Anglosaxon mycel, mucel: Not mocheles more (MAUNDEV. p. 291.). endlonges see above.

But the genitive wards along with the accusative ward in compounds is still frequent in old adverbs and imitations, Anglosaxon reardes: inwards, outwards, afterwards, upwards, downwards, backwards, northwards, homewards &c. along with inward, outward, afterward, upward, downward, backward, northward, southward, eastward, homeward &c., to which also belongs towards along with toward, Anglosaxon tôveardes.

Mitford wrongly deems the forms in s the later and Johnson afterwards worse than afterward. Anglosaxon has upveardes, niderveardes, piderveardes, tôveardes, hâmveardes along with äfterveard, hiderveard, upveard, niderveard, in neveard &c. as equally correct adverbial forms.

Accusative forms are predominant as adverbs. Of accusatives of the masculine gender there is, however, hardly an instance, unless seldom, raro, belongs here, Anglosaxon sëldan (sëldon, sëldum) along with seld, Old-English selden and selde (still

as well as seid in Shakspeare. ComLun-English ¢ ferrem. Anglosaxon feorran. Lets (without mark of the case) w? Azziosaxon ceròb, full, Anglosaxon full, DACIA DOSTUI repack and those compounded of ward. 140 kopecia a majus: almighty, already, almost De AIDSUITE particle al: àlmeahtig, älmæst Indeed with all. Anglosaxon call (eal,

II

led, all-beauteous, and the like.

CA DA Asative adverbs which belonged to declension and then ended in e, which L-English, but has been cast off in Mo

sm-drest ever more i was retained for phonetic reasons. ne, rethe (whence rather), bittre, nie konie, h&e. Here belongs the MoAngiosaxta yfele, Old-norse illa, male;

ann, da so site, plaze, seque: eath, Anglosaxon eáde, faAnd sure myrele, mycle, Old-English mochele, dazine: Anglosaxon lytle, paullulum; light,

Anglosaxon lice, similiter; late, ANT: Lite, tarde, sent * Anglosaxon lange, diu; right, Ang sa amite, juste: -- MILTON, Old-English rathe, Ansane rif, ett; fir, Anglosaxon fagere, pulchre; fast, Angsanaisa, immiten; wide, Angiosaxon vide, late, undique;

ALEX depe, profide; deur, still sometimes used for PRIATE Nr e de pet dyre, care; thick, Anglosaxon picce, lease, frequenter: sure theclete, Anglosaxon sàre, graviter; soft, APAC sife, liter, suaviter; small, Anglosaxon smale, mpare: She has brown hair, and speaks small, like SHAKSP, Merry Wiv. 1, 1.}); still, Anglosaxon stille, quiete; ekan, Anglosaron elæne, penitus: high, Anglosaxon heahe, alte: kend, Anglosaxon hearde, dure (also close).

3

Mary existing sijectives of this sort are not to be shewn as Anglosara alverts in their neuter form; but from a few we fini adverbial comparatives and superlatives formed. Here belong: Minity, Anglosaxon adjective meahtig, mihtig; lief, Anglosaxon leof; load, Anglosaxon hlúd; lor, compare Hollandish laag; ready, from Anglosaxon adjective räd, promptus, celer; pretty, from the Anglosaxon prate, ornatus; fain, Anglosaxon adjective fagen, lætus; thin, Anglosaxon adjective pynne; thwart, Anglosaxon preorh, pvēr &c., curvus, even Old-English with t. Compare Highdutch zwerch: sicker, Scottish sikker, Old-Highdutch adverb sichuro; seund, Anglosaxon adjective sund; sudden, Anglosaxon soden, Old-French sodain, sudain; slow, Anglosaxon adjective slav; slope, compare Anglosaxon part. slopen, lapsus; sweet (Singing so sweet, and clear, and loud [LONGFELLOW]), Anglosaxon adjective svête; stark, Anglosaxon adjective steare; straight, Anglosaxon part. streht, compare Latin stricte; sheer (little in use), Anglosaxon adjective scære, scær, purus, compare Old-norse skiarr, fugax; short. Anglosaxon scort; scant (unusual). The word is found early, for instance, in Maundeville, and is

diffused in Scottish and Northenglish dialects. Does it belong to the Old-Highdutch scant, inhonestus? skew, compare Old-norse skeifr, Danish skiæv, obliquus; quick, Anglosaxon adjective cvic, vivax.

In Old-French neuter adjectives were likewise, as many still are in Modern-French, used adverbially. The Anglosaxon and the Romance usage here touched each other. English could therefore readily assimilate Romance adjectives and participles to Anglosaxon in this regard. Here belong: monstrous (popularly like the corresponding Germanic wonderful), Old-French monstrous; round, Old-French roönd, round; plain, Old-French plain, plein; false, Old-French fals, faux, Modern-French adverb faux; very, Old-French verai, Latin veracem; due, Old-French participle du from devoir; distinct (And he said, Speaping distinct and slow [LONGFELLOW]), French the same; sure, Old-French segur, seür; scarce, Old-French eschars, escars, Medieval-Latin scarpsus, excarpus; just, Old-French just, Modern-French adverb juste; chief, a substantive used adjectively, Old-French chief, chef; common, Old-French commun; clear, Ŏld-French clair, cleir, cler, ModernFrench adverb clair; close, Old-French part. clos; quite, OldFrench cuite, quite, Latin quietus; gross (rare), (I'll speak more gross. SHAKSP. Meas. for Meas.). Other Romance-Germanic words belong here, as exceeding i. q. eminently; doubtless, and the like. Unclear as to their origin, but mostly referring to primitive adjective forms are; eft (obsolete), Anglosaxon eft, äft, iterum, denuo, and aft, the same word, as well as the Anglosaxon eft, äft in compounds; oft, now poetic, beside often, Anglosaxon oft, Old-English ofte, often; nigh, Anglosaxon neáh; now, Anglosaxon nu or nû; far, Anglosaxon feorr; well, Anglosaxon vëla, vël, OldEnglish wele, wel; soon, Anglosaxon sona, see above; yet, Anglosaxon git, gët, geot, gyt, gëta; yore (not used without of standing before it), Anglosaxon yâra, geára, olim. Related to gear, annus?

In the place of well, good has been here and there used adverbially, also in the meaning of very (compare HALLIWELL V. good), but which is now obsolete and inelegant. Anglosaxon is naturally richer than English in neuter adverbial forms, as Old - English excels ModernEnglish in this respect.

2) By far the greatest number of adjective adverbs, answering to a neuter accusative in e, are the adverbs now ending in ly. They arise from the adjectives compounded with the Anglosaxon lic (similis) and therefore sounded in Anglosaxon lice. The adjectives compounded with lic in Anglosaxon (in English ly and like) were of various kinds, so that lic was also added to substantives. So far as the Modern-English adjective termination and the adverbial termination sounded equally ly, both coincide in form. Old-English long distinguished the adverbial termination by the e after it: stilleliche, fulliche, worthiliche, soothliche, boldeliche, principalliche, fetisliche (neatly), batauntliche (= hastily), foliliche &c., as well as frequently in Piers Ploughman, yet the termination ly came in early alongside of lye, as well as the termination lich