1) Numerical adverbs of order are formed by annexing the syllable ly to the ordinal numbers: firstly, alongside of first; secondly; thirdly; fourthly; fifthly &c. Anglosaxon offered no support for this. Periphrastic forms are: in the first, second &c. place. 2) Numerical adverbs of complexity exist in a small mumber, as singly, which however is only used distributively, as individually; doubly, for which the accusative adverb twofold also appears (comp.: on the other hand the Anglosaxon preófealdlice, tripliciter), as other numerals in fold are also employed adverbially: trebly, triply, quadruply, and a few similar ones. From manifold, manifoldly is formed, after the Anglosaxon manegfealdlîce. 3) Frequentative adverbs are mostly gained by periphrasis; the few formed by a derivative termination (ce) rest upon the genitive form, as once, Anglosaxon ânes (comp. ânes hvät, quoque modo, although else ânê sîdê, una vice and sometimes âne as an adverb), Old-English anes, ones; twice, Anglosaxon tvigges, Old-English twyes, twies; thrice, Anglosaxon only priga, priva, Old-English thrie, and formed according to the others: thries.

Once is often treated as an accusative, and combined with this, that: This once I yield (J. HUGHES). Let us appear this once like generous victors (ID.). Compare Webster s. v.

The rest of the frequentative adverbs are formed by periphrasis, for which the cardinal numbers are employed with the substantive time in the accusative of the plural: four times, five times, ten times &c.; as the former are also sometimes expressed periphrastically: a single time, another time, three times and the indefinite frequentatives: sometimes, many times, several times. Anglosaxon here used the substantive sid, gressus; ôorê sidê, iterum; feóver sîðon, quater; seofon sîdum, septies &c. This mode is to be met with in Old-English: And if men me it axe Sixe sithes or sevene (PIERS PLOUGHM. p. 102.), where the accusative then also appeared instead of the Anglosaxon instrumental and dative: And thankyd God a C. syth in rhyme (Ms. in HALLIWELL V. sith), with which we may however compare the Anglosaxon eahta side tventig (CHRON. SAX. 1071.); but alongwith them time is also employed: And thus tene I trewe men Ten hundred tymes (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 103.).

d) Pronominal adverbs.

Here belong the adverbs which have especially proceeded from demonstrative and interrogative pronominal stems, of which the former have mostly the import of space, the latter chiefly

of time.

1) Adverbs from demonstrative stems.

To the Anglosaxon pë (se), peó (seó), pät belong:

there. Anglosaxon pâr and pær, pêr, ibi, illic. Old-English ther, there, which was also used relatively, as in Anglosaxon, where it also signified ubi, quo. Compare: Ther nature wol not werche, Farewel physike (CHAUCER p. 21. I. Tyrwh.).

thither. Anglosaxon pider, pyder, illuc, istuc, also relatively, with and without pe: quo, Old-English thider.

thence. Anglosaxon panan, panon, panonne &c. Old-English thenne, but also early with the genitive termination thennes: Ere she thennes yede (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 19.), whence the ModernEnglish thence.

then, in a metaphorical meaning. Anglosaxon ponne, penne, tunc, tum. Comp. the accusative m. thone, thäne, Old-English thanne, than. It is the same word as the English than, which, dissimilated from the former, is used for quam', after the comparative. In Anglosaxon ponne, penne also passes for quam. Old-English had tho, tha, Anglosaxon pâ, tum.

thus, Anglosaxon pus, Old-English the same.

so, also. Anglosaxon sva, sic (svâ, sicut) and ealsvâ, etiam, sic.

To the Anglosaxon he, heó, hit belong:

here, Anglosaxon hêr, Old-English her, here.

hither, Anglosaxon hider, huc, Old-English hider.

hence, transferred to time: from now. Anglosaxon hinan, heonan &c., hinc, abhinc, also illuc. Old-English henen, henne (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER and others), yet also early with the genitive termination hennes, hens, whence the Modern-English hence. Instead thereof hithen in ROB. OF BRUNNE p. 26. Hen is still in use in Lincolnshire.

hind, whence behind, Anglosaxon hind; in compounds, like hindveard, and hinder, adverb and prepos. post, now considered an adjective.

To geon, preserved in Anglosaxon only in the adverb geond, Gothic jáins, (English yon) belong.

yond, yon. Anglosaxon geond, illuc. Old-English yond, yon. Comp.: And say what thou seest yond (SHAKSP. Temp.), where without reason yond' is commonly written: Him that yon soars on golden wing (MILTON). These forms are becoming obsolete in comparison with yonder, which is formed analogously to the Anglosaxon hider, like the Gothic jáindré compared with hidré. 2) From the interrogative pronominal stem hra, hrät there develope themselves:

where, interrogative and relative. Anglosaxon hvar, hvär, ubi. Old-English wher, where.

whither, interrogative and relative. Anglosaxon hväder, hvider, hvidre &c., quo. Old-English wyder, wider.

whence, interrogative and relative. Anglosaxon vhanan, vhanon, hvana &c., unde. Old-English whanne, wanne (ROB. OF GLOCCESTER), also early whennes, whence the Modern-English whence. Old-English also whethen.

Thence come the compounds whereso, wheresoever, wherever, whithersoever, whencesoever; also nowhere, Anglosaxon nàhvar, nusquam; elsewhere, Old-English elles wher; compare Anglosaxon elles hvider, elles hvergen, aliorsum, everywhere; somewhere, anywhere, for which in the Old-English owghtwhare, owhar, owhere also occurs, otherwhere (SHAKSPEARE), some other where, and several others.

when, also a conjunction. Anglosaxon hvenne, hvanne, hvonne, quando. Old-English whan, wan, when.

why, Anglosaxon hvŷ (hvê) and how, Anglosaxon hû, have arisen from the instrumental of the pronoun. Thence the compound somehow.

3) Hither also may be referred the adverb any, borrowed from the indefinite pronoun, for which anywise now rather occurs. It belongs to the Anglosaxon ænig, ullus, and probably sprung from the instrumental ænigê, Old-English any, eny, ony; Old-English Or I procede ony ferthere (MAUNDEV. p. 53.). Modern-English: If you tarry any longer (SHAKSP. Two Gentl.). Before I any farther go (LONGFELLOW). The word other, also occurring in Shakspeare, likewise belongs here: Nay, but it is not so. „It is no other" (Meas. for Meas. 4, 3). Comp. Oth. 4, 2.; like else,

see above.

e) Prepositional Adverbs.

The combination of prepositions with adjectives, substantives, numeral and pronominal adverbs is very usual, which partly serve to complete adverbial determinations, with which a preposition is adapted to define the relation more particularly. The prepositions themselves, obviously originally in part adverbs, serve in general to denote relations of space and time, but which they transcend, when used metaphorically; and although chiefly in the closest connection with substantive notions, they still betray an originally adverbial character.

For this reason prepositions also appear again as adverbs, where they appear exempted from substantive notions and only shew themselves as determinations of activity. Language everywhere presents instances, and one needs scarcely to be reminded of sentences like: Toiling on and on and on (LONGFELLOW). Reading, the whole year out and in, Naught but the catalogue of sin (ID.). Sometimes the modern language distinguishes the adverb from the preposition (although sometimes only in a determinate meaning) by the form, as fro in to and fro, from from; too, from to; off (also a preposition) from of. A preposition is moreover hardly incapable of appearing adverbially, on which the Syntax has to give more particular explanations.

The union of other parts of speech with prepositions, whence proceed many blendings of particles, or, at least combinations of them under one accent, is a phenomenon common to many tongues. The prepositions come partly before, partly after another word. Those which precede lean proclitically upon them and are therefore mostly confined to the monosyllabic ones. Where the proclisis, certainly not to be rigidly defined, ceases, developed adverbial sentences make their appearance. The prepositional adverbs rest partly upon Anglosaxon precedent.

1) The preposition combines with a substantive.

in: indeed, comp.: French en effet. Periphrases are looser: in fact, in truth, in reality, in earnest, in jest; in fine, French

enfin &c.

ere: crewhile, erewhiles, which, reversed, also appears as whilere, while-ere (SHAKSP., MILTON), as in Anglosaxon the preposition Mätzner, engl. Gr. I.

26

may also follow its case: feóvertŷne dagum ær (MATTH. 24,

a timmerly stands separated from the noun: at home, Anglosarte it him domi, Old-English atom (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER); glavi Anglosaxon at handa (Dat), at no hand; at any hand; A MA Eni a dors, compare adoors; at length &c. at sometime corresponds to the French à: at leisure, French à loisir; randa, French a randon.

unly appears separated from the noun, as in on land, on in brand, on foot, compare Old-English afote, ModernEnglish afoot &c. Yet it is frequently blended with it in the interchange with a, where the Anglosaxon a lies at the foundation, which might also appear for of. These compounds are in Modern-English mostly limited to determinations of space and to abstract expressions of an activity or condition, whereas in 013-English they are also referred to time. Some rest immediately upon Anglosaxon and Old-norse originals, as aback, Anglosaxon on ae, retro: away, Anglosaxon onveg, âveg; anies (obsolete, BEN JON.), Anglosaxon on hveole (Ps. 76, 17., to which also belongs the preposition among, Anglosaxon amang, onmang from the subst. mang; again, Anglosaxon ongegn de.. âgen prep. and adv. rursus, obviam, belonging to the substantive gagn, commodum? aright, Anglosaxon âriht, from the subst. rint: amiss, Old-norse âmis, de via, contra jus et aequum, in Anglosaxon subst. misse, miss, mis, mist, only in compounds, still in use in Old-English as an independent substantive, for instance, in the Towneley Myst., like the Old-norse missa, damnum; athirst, which moderns cite only as an adjective. Old-norse à porsti = pyrstr, sitiens.

English imitative forms, or forms at least not to be pointed out in Anglosaxon, which are mostly old, but seem to increase of late although many are only dialectical, frequently serve to denote the where? and whither? or position and direction; alee, subst. lee, Anglosaxon hleóv, hliv, hleó, refugium [so we must think the lee left undetermined above p 199.]; aloof = more nearly to the wind and at a distance, Old-English aluffe, perhaps from the Anglosaxon lof, palma. Comp: Old-English lufe, manus (TOWNEL. MYST. p. 32, where hufe is a misprint); loof is moreover a part of the ship; a'oft, from Anglosaxon lyft, aer, nubes: arow, subst. row, Anglosaxon râv; abed, subst. bed, Anglosaxon bedd; abaft, Old-English also baft, in maritime language the contrary of afore, belongs to the Anglosaxon subst. bäfta, tergum, although connected with bäftan, prep. post; aboard, subst. board, Anglosaxon bord; abreast, subst. breast, Anglosaxon breóst; afield, subst. field, Anglosaxon fild, feld; afoot on foot, in action, subst. foot, Anglosaxon fot; aweather to the windside, subst. weather, Anglosaxon veder, Old-English wedur; atop, Anglosaxon top, vertex; adoors (obsolete), Old-English also adores, Anglosaxon duru, dyr; acop (obsolete) = at the top, high up, subst. cop, Anglosaxon copp, culmen; agate (local), subst. gate, Old-norse gata, semita; aground, subst. ground, Anglosaxon

grund; ahead (naut.), subst. heád, Anglosaxon heáfud; astern, subst. stern, Anglosaxon stearn, gubernaculum; ashore, subst. shore, Anglosaxon score.

In union with different dimensions a denotes the direction: alength, ahight; likewise aside.

Transferred to concrete and abstract substantives, in which the activity is accomplished or to which it is directed, the adverb appears with a in: ablaze, subst. blaze, Anglosaxon bläse, flamma; afire, subst. fire, Anglosaxon fŷr; areek, subst. reek, Anglosaxon rêc, reác; asleep, Old-English aslepe, subst. sleep, Anglosaxon slæp; awork (SHAKSPEARE), Old-English `aworke, subst. work, Anglosaxon veorc, verc, vorc; atilt, subst. tilt, dialectically in the North of England tilt, vehement, turbulent, compare Anglosaxon tealt, vacillans, Old-norse tölt, vagatio tolutaria? also tipped (of a barrel) subst. tilt, leaning, perhaps from the Old-norse tilt, from tilla, elevatio; afloat, subst. float, from the Anglosaxon fleótan and flotjan, fluctuare; adrift = floating, at random, subst. drift, to Anglosaxon drîfan; abrood, subst. brood, Anglosaxon brôd, concretio, compare adject. brôdig, incubans; astride, subst. stride, Anglosaxon stræde, passus; astray, subst. stray, from the Anglosaxon strægan, strêgan, spargere, Old-English on straye and astrayly (HALLIWELL s. vv.); astrut, Old-English astrout, astrote (formerly also swollen, turgide), subst. strut affectation of stateliness in walking &c., allied to strotzen? amain, subst. main, Anglosaxon mägen, vis, robur. Some of these words are now employed as adjectives, as alive, certainly naught else than the Anglosaxon on life, in vita; akin, Anglosaxon cynn, cognatio; astir bustling, active, NorthernEngl. asteer, subst. stir, from Anglosaxon stêran, stŷran, movere, agitare and others.

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Old-English forms, which still live in dialects, are: ablode (dial. ablood); afere, timid; aknen, aknewes, aknowe, down, on the knee (dial. akne); agame, in jest (now also addicted to gaming), and others, which appear as adjectives, as afret, Anglosaxon frätu, ornamentum; aflaunt, subst. flaunt, mundus, Gothic flautan, and others.

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There come here into contact with the Anglosaxon forms Romance ones having à for their foundation, as apeak, French à pic; apart, French à part; apace hastily, French à pas, OldEnglish apas (CHAUCER), to which are attached amort, lifeless, depressed; apiece to the share of each; afront in front; agog in a state of desire, French à gogo. Old-English has agref in grief, and many more.

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The reference to time often takes place in Old-English, in: amorwe, amorve, in the morning; anight, in the night, and the A-morweninges. . And in evenynges (PIERS PLOUGHM.

p. 222.).

out is found compounded in outdoors abroad, hence provincially out-door-work field-work.

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over: overboard; overhead = aloft, above.

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under: underfoot beneath; underhand secretly.

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