The forms in er-n: easter-n, Anglosaxon eáster-n; wester - n, Anglosaxon vester-n; norther-n, Anglosaxon norder-n; souther-n, Anglosaxon sûder-n, have substantive forms in er at their base, whence Anglosaxon sûder, meridies, occurs. The Old-norse has corresponding forms: ern, orn in undern, Anglosaxon the same, hora nona matutina, and acorn, Anglos. äcern, glans are scarcely to be regarded as derivative suffixes. See Grimm 2, 237. &c. Diefenbach's Dictionary I. p. 115. 31.

Verbs in en, on, n rest partly upon substantives and adjectives, as: tok-en, Anglosaxon tâc-n-jan; beac-on and beck-on, Anglosaxon beác-n-jan; rai-n, Anglosaxon rig-n-an; ev-en, Anglosaxon ef-en-jan &c.; of others English has not preserved the nouns, as fast-en, Anglosaxon fäst-en-jan, subst. fäst-en, munimentum; christ-en, Anglosaxon crist-en-jan, adj. crist-en. Many have no noun for their foundation even in Anglosaxon: glist-en, Anglosaxon glis-n-jan; heark-en, Anglosaxon hêrc-n-jan; reck-on, Anglosaxon rec-n-an, recn-jan.

The formation of verbs in en has found great favour in English, especially from nouns, and often with a disdain for the simpler Anglosaxon forms, from adjectives: meek-en; madd-en along with mad; fatt-en; fresh-en; whit-en; tough-en; deep-en; dead-en; thick-en; sick-en; slack-en along with slack; sweet-en; stiff-en; sharp-en along with sharp; short-en; gladd-en along with glad; hard-en &c.; from substantives: length-en; height-en; comp. fright-en along with fright; light-en along with light and others. It is also appended to Romance stems: chast-en &c.

Here too we must cite the substantive diminutive termination k-in, answering to the Middle-Highdutch ek-in, ik-în, in ModernHighdutch popular dialects eck-en, ich-in, Lowdutch ek-en, ModernHighdutch ch-en. It is foreign to Anglosaxon, in English it belongs mostly to the popular language. Here belong: mini-kin, (from minion, Old-Highdutch minni), also used adjectively; mani-kin, (comp. French mannequin); nipper-kin small tankard; nap-kin (French nappe); la-kinladikin (lady); lamb-kin; lad-kin; Od's piti-kins (pity) (SHAKSP.); devil-kin; kilder-kin; can-akin; so too in the names of dispraise bump-kin, thumb-kin = awkward, rustic; slamkin, slammer-kin- trollop and others; more frequently in Old-English faunt-ekyn; especially in proper names: Wil-ekin, ModernEnglish Wil-kin (DAME SIRIZ p. 8.); Per-kyn (Piers); Haw-kyn, Hal-kyn (Henry); Tym-kyn (Tim-othy), Tom-kyn (Thomas); Dawkyn (David), Sim-ekin &c; whence modern family names like Perkins, Wilkins &c., arise.

I serves for the derivation of substantives as el, 1 (le), Anglosaxon el, al, ol, ul, l, le: nav-el, Anglosaxon naf-ola, -ela; weas-el, Anglosaxon ves-le; wast-el, Middle-Highdutch wast-el; teas-el, Anglosaxon tæs-el, -1; haz-e', Anglosaxon häs-el; hous-el, Anglosaxon hûs-el, -1; kern-el, Anglosaxon cyrn-el. nai-l, Anglosaxon näg-el; tai-l, Anglosaxou täg-el, -1; sai-l, Anglosaxon sëg-el, -1; snai-l, Anglosaxon snäg-1, snæ-1; hai-l, Anglosaxon hag-al, -ol, -ul, häg-el; sou-l, Anglosaxon sâv-el, -1; ow-l, Anglosaxon û-le, Old-norse ug-la; fow-l, Anglosaxon fug-ol; ear-1, Anglosaxon eor-1; pear-l, Anglo

Demenced a satetactives even in

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The volatoni Angsana English full, may be regarded as an sipertire saftar compounded with substantives: bale-ful, ATE-SIX 4 203TAI: 100 Anglosaxon pare-full; sin-ful, AnCOSA I SITL Imated firms even with Romance words, pa parer-ful, fruit-ful &c. Dialects even attach tu to rema, and adjective stems; woeful; weariful,

A soffix in adjectives, from which adverbs are also developed, is the termination. Old-English het, later li, ly. Anglosaxon lic,

similis, in use only in compounds, even in Anglosaxon. I mean properly likeness, like like, still used independently, comp. child-ly and child-like, Anglosaxon cild-lic, infantilis; man-ly and man-like; yet the unaccented ly, recedes into the more general meaning of appropriateness and relation; comp. god-ly = pious, god-like = resembling God, Anglosaxon god-lîc, divinus. Combined with substantives it particularly serves to express conformity and relationship: father-ly, Anglosaxon fäder-lîc, paternus; mother-ly, Anglosaxon môdor-lîc; friend-ly, Anglosaxon freónd-lîc; and so in connection with other names of persons: king-ly; prince-ly; broker-ly; bumpkin-ly &c; as well as with names of things: love -ly, Anglosaxon luf-lic; world-ly, Anglosaxon voruld-lic; flesh-ly, Anglosaxon flæsc-lic; heaven-ly, Anglosaxon heofon-lîc; bodi-ly &c. It is distributive in notions of time, as month-ly, Anglosaxon mônâd-lîc; year-ly, Anglosaxon gear-lîc; and so in week-ly, dai-ly, quarter-ly &c. Annexed to adjective stems ly denotes the approximation to the notion of the stem, partly as a weakening, partly as inclination and tendency: green-ly, from the Anglosaxon grêne, and in other similar adjectives, now lost, which, on account of their sameness of sound with the corresponding adverbs, have been abandoned; and leath-ly, Anglosaxon lâd-lic; low-ly; sickly; clean-ly, Anglosaxon clæn-lîc; god-ly, Anglosaxon gôd-lîc; grimly, Anglosaxon grim-lic; to which also on-ly, Anglosaxon ân-lîc, and dead-ly, Anglosaxon dead-lîc belong. Ly is annexed to other stems, even to particles: in-ly, Anglosaxon inlic, internus; over-ly, Anglosaxon only an adverb ofer-lîce; Anglosaxon also possessed up-lic, supremus; út-lic, extraneus &c. For the adverbial ly comp. p. 393. r affords numerous Germanic derivatives, not however to be always distinguished from Romance suffixes.

Here we must first mention substantives in er, rarely r, re, which correspond to Anglosaxon forms in er, or, ur, r (re, ra). They denote partly persons: broth-er, Anglosaxon brod-or, ur, -er; fath-er, Anglosaxon fäd-er; moth-er, Anglosaxon môd-or; daught-er, Anglosaxon doht-or; sist-er, Anglosaxon sveost-or, er; partly beasts; add-er, Anglosaxon nädd-re; beav-er, Anglosaxon bef-er; weth-er, Anglosaxon vë-er; chaf-er, Anglosaxon ceaf-or; culv-er, Anglosaxon culf-re, columba; gand-er, Anglosaxon gand-ra; partly concrete objects: udd-er, Anglosaxon ûd-er, -r; liv-er, Anglosaxon lif-er; bolst-er, Old-norse bôlst-r; bladd-er, Anglosaxon blæd-re; fing-er, Anglosaxon the same; feath-er, Anglosaxon fed-er; fett-er, Anglosaxon feot-ur, -or; fodd-er, Anglosaxon fôð-ur, fôdd-ur &c.; water, Anglosaxon vät-er; timb-er, Anglosaxon timb-or, -er; tind-er, Anglosaxon tynd-er; tap-er, Anglosaxon tap-ur, -or, -er; silv-er, Anglosaxon silf-or, sylf-er; should-er, Anglosaxon sculd-or; hamm-er, Anglosaxon ham-or; partly abstract ones: murd-er, Anglosaxon morður, -or, -er; laught-er, Anglosaxon hleat-or; weath-er, Anglosaxon ved-er; wond-er, Anglosaxon vund-or, -er; thund-er, Anglasaxon pun-or; summ-er, Anglosaxon sum-or, -er; hung-er, Anglosaxon hungur, -or, -er. A mere r and re appear in tea-r, Anglosaxon täh-er, tæ-r; stai-r, Anglosaxon stäg-er; eag-re (tide), Anglosaxon êg-or, oceanus; ac-re, Anglosaxon äc-er; fi-re, Anglosaxon fy-r. Imitations,

to which slaught-er belongs, are often not to be distinguished from Romance.

Names of persons in er, which answer to the Anglosaxon ere, Old-English ere, Old-Highdutch ari, require a particular regard. They denote persons by their activity, and were chiefly developed from verbs (although these were sometimes denominative): mong-er, Anglosaxon mang-ere; lead-er, Anglosaxon læd-ere; rid-er, Anglosaxon rid-ere; read-er, Anglosoxon rêd-ere; play-er, Anglosaxon pleg-ere; bak-er, Anglosaxon bac-ere; fight-er, Anglosaxon feoht-ere; fish-er, Anglosaxon fisc-ere; follow-er, Anglosaxon folg-ere; fowl-er, Anglosaxon fugel-ere; full-er, Anglosaxon full-ere; writ-er, Anglosaxon vrit-ere; delv-er, Anglosaxon dëlf-ere; thrash-er, Anglosaxon përsc-ere; prësc-ere, rarely from Nouns: wagon-er, Anglosaxon vägnere; as in many imitated forms: glor-er; hatt-er &c. Modern forms are not always to be distinguished from Romance ones in er, both being confounded, and even ar, or occurring instead of er in Germanic stems: li-ar, begg-ar, sail-or &c., where the older tongue presented ere. We also find i, y inserted before er, whereas this i, even in French words in ier, is usually cast off: braz-i-er; glaz-i-er; colli-er; cloth-i-er; law-y-er; saw-y-er; bow-y-er; in a few cases notional differences are attached to i-er and er. Compare spurr-i-er, who makes spurs; spurr-er, who spurs. Moreover the termination er (ere) is transferred also to beasts and lifeless objects: grasshopp‐er; grind-er; hopp-er; ten-pound-er; crack-er; cool-er.

It is doubtful whether the er often dialectically appended to substantive forms is to be reduced to the above er or to the er (ere) appearing in names of persons. Compare chopp-er (HANTS.), hunkers haunches (NORTH.). This er becomes augmentative: balker, a great beam (EAST.); team-er, a team of five horses (NORF.); and diminutive: fresh-er, little frog (EAST.); grom-er, a little man, a boy; blank-er, a spark (WEBST.). Dialectical forms, as, mason-er (also mason-t-er), musician-er (also musik-er), poeter &e., point decidedly to the old termination ere.

Alongside of this er, Old-English ere, there stood a feminine termination st-er, Anglosaxon est-re, ist-re, Old-English (e)st-ere; bak-st-ere, Anglosaxon bäc-ist-re; tapp-ist-ere, Anglosaxon täpp-est-re; brew-est-ere; fruit-est-ere &c. Comp. p. 250. In Modern-English this termination, like the Old-English ere, is used of men with regard to their occupation. This more audible suffix is particularly in use with the people: malt-ster; web-ster; whip-ster; whit-ster; tapster; team-ster; deem-ster, dem-ster, (Isle of Man); seam-ster; huckster. Sometimes the modern tongue attaches a slur to the termination: lewd-ster; pun-ster; trick-ster; game-ster. In dialects more such substantives are met with, as lit-ster; band-ster; woo-ster; saltster; likewise in the older tongue: thack-stare, a thatches (PROMPT. PARV.); shep-ster, a shearer of sheep (PALSGRAVE). Hence the family names Brewster, Baxter, Webster, Whitster, Tapster, Kempster &c.

The termination ster has remained feminine in a few words, as spin-ster, dialectically bake-ster (DERBISH.), sew-ster, (SOMERSET),

knit-ster (DEVON); as indeed er is sometimes referred to female persons: bunt-er, rag-gatherer, common woman.

Adjectives in er, r, Anglosaxon er, or, ur, are rare: oth-er, Anglosaxon ôð-er; lith-er, Anglosaxon lyd-er, malus; bitt-er, Anglosaxon bit-er; dapp-er, Hollandish the same; slipp-er, commonly slipp-er-y, Anglosaxon slip-ur; fai-r, Anglosaxon fäg-er (sicker, OldHighdutch sihhar, arising from securus, does not belong here), OldEnglish waccher, dialectically wacker, Anglosaxon vacor, vaccor. Dialects have imitations, as, call-er, Anglosaxon côl, frigidus; hett-er, Anglosaxon hât, fervidus.

According to the Anglosaxon precedent many verbs in er, derived from nouns, and among them many from comparative forms, have been received into the English: murd-er, Anglosaxon myrð-rjan; feath-er, Anglosaxon fio-er-jan; felt-er, Anglosaxon feot-ur-jan; timb-er, Anglosaxon timb-er-jan; fost-er, Anglosaxon fôst-er-jan, subst. fôst-re, nutrix; gath-er, Anglosaxon gad-r-jan (Bosw.), adv. gad-or; hind-er, Anglosaxon hind-er-jan, adv. hind-er; bett-er, Anglosaxon bet-er-jan, Comp. bet-er; furth-er, Anglosaxon fyrd-er-jan, Comp. furd-ôr &c. Others arise without this intervention, as: whisper, Anglosaxon hvisp-r-jan; slumb-er, Anglosaxon slum-er-jan; whence the English substantives whisper, slumber have been formed. But the verbal formation in er has spread further, as in other Germanic idioms. Verbs of this sort resemble those with a derivative 1, especially in the frequentative sense, yet not without being distinguished from them. They often denote an activity repeating itself, and in the repetition appearing undecided or unstable, as flitt-er, flick-er, flatt-er; quir-er, quav-er; glitt-er; glist-er; shiv-er; hov-er; especially, and this partly in a reproachful sense, repeated, unclear, disagreeable and defective sounds or noises: mutt-er; falt-er; clatt-er; gibb-er; comp. stamm-er, from Anglosaxon stamor, balbus; sometimes with an admixture of desire and of indecision: hanker; ling-er. Sometimes, however, the suffix appears to be without any particular influence; it is also annexed dialectically to many other stems than in the written language, as in: nick-er, (neigh) (NORTH.); snick-er, to laugh inwardly (SUSSEX); snift-er, Old-English snift, Modern-English sniff, sniffle &c.

2. Lip-sounds hardly need to be considered in English in Germanic derivations. In words in mp (np), lp, rp, sp the p is by Grimm rightly regarded as derivational; but the derivative sound has long become dead, and no longer felt as such, as in lim-p, Anglosaxon lim-pan; hem-p, Anglosaxon han-ep; yel-p, Anglosaxon gil-pan; shar-p, Anglosaxon scear-p; as-p, Anglosaxon äs-p.

A derivative b perhaps appears in lam-b, Anglosaxon lam-b; dum-b, Anglosaxon dum-b. It is likewise extinct.

A derivative f, as it passed into Anglosaxon, partly from a primitive f, partly out of b, quite like those just named in its ineffectiveness, appears in: wol-f, Anglosaxon vul-f; sel-f, Anglosaxon sil-f, Gothic sil-ba; hal-f, Anglosaxon heal-f, hal-f, Gothic hal-bs and subst. hal-ba.

A derivative ƒ appears in dwar-f, instead of g (h), Anglosaxon dveor-g, dveor-h, also pveor-g.