b) Romance Derivative Terminations.

The Romance derivational suffixes which come under review here rest upon the Latin. Many suffixes of this sort were obscured even in Old-French; mutilated forms which, transplanted into English, pass here as stems, have to be discussed in the etymology of the French tongue. *) Words transplanted unaltered from the Latin or other Romance tongues can likewise find no consideration here, even if they conform to the English pronunciation and inflection. In order not to encroach into remoter fields, those suffixes belonging to the French constituent of the tongue which have remained effective in English, although often blended with one another, are cited, when substantives and verbs are divided; the latter, from the manner of their treatment in English, exhibiting but few characteristic suffixes.

1) Derivative Terminations of Nouns.

We divide suffixes according to their final sound, so that those with a final vowel, although forming only a glib shortness, are first considered, then those with a final consonant, (when an e mute is disregarded). The former, although partly preceded by consonants, we call generally vowel derivational terminations; those with a final consonant, consonantal derivational terminations.

Vowel Derivational Terminations.

Y. In substantives stands the suffix for French é, Latin ātus, (participle) sometimes in names of persons: deput-y, alongside of which the terminations ey, ee, ate are also to be met with. See above.

y often stands, French é, for the Latin substantive atus (fourth declension) mostly in collective substantives, as clerg-y; to which territorial names belong, as: duch-y; count-y; Dauphin-y; rarely abstract nouns, as treat-y. Here also we find ate. See below.

For the French suffix ée, Latin ata, y (also ey) also stands in names of things, especially collectively: arm-y, jur-y (MedievalLatin jurata), country, jell-y (gelée); and abstractly: embass-y; entr-y; lev-y; destin-y.

Rarely y stands for ée instead of Latin aeus, a, um, as in troph-y. Very commonly y answers to the French ic, Latin ia, Old-English ie, chiefly in abstract and partly collective substantives, which are developed from adjectives and substantives: ignomin-y; modest-y; perfid-y; fur-y; jealous-y; courtes-y; heres-y; comed-y; traged-y; fanc-y (fantaisie); harmon-y; baron-y; nav-y; (Old-French navie); family; compan-y &c., to which are added not only many imitations, but also words, which in French have cast off the i, as miser-y (misère), fallac-y (fallace). Of names of countries a few have preserved y

*) We may here refer to Diez's Romance Grammar, and to Mätzner's French Grammar.

for ie: Italy; Normand-y; Lombard-y; Picard-y; Thessal-y; German-y ; with which Sicil-y (Sicile) and some in French agne, ogne are associated by metathesis: Brittan-y; Burgund-y (Burgundia, Burgogne); Gascon-y, whereas the most are transmute into the Latin ia. See below.

We must also observe, that y also appears for the Latin ium, for which the e mute is substituted in French: augur-y; obloqu-y; obsequ-y (MILTON); mister-y; minister-y, ministr-y; monaster-y; presbyter-y; larcen-y (latrocinium, comp. French larcin); remed-y; stud-y; subsid-y &c.

Adjectives in y hardly occur, except priv-y (privé); for hard-y, hast-y, joll-y answer to other forms. See ive.

From the suffix y (ia) is developed er-y, r-y, French er-ie, which was primarily indebted for er partly to the infinitive termination of the same sound, partly to the substantive termination, but was then regarded as a selfstanding suffix. The e is frequently cast out in English after consonants and vowels, but particularly preserved, where it reminds us of substantives in er. Imitations are numerous.

The suffix denotes partly the continuous activity or quality presupposed by the root word, frequently as exaggerated activity in the sense of blame: chival-ry; bigot-ry; ribald-ry; revel-ry; babe-ry; fopp-ery; pedant-ry; devil-ry; or a condition or station, as: slavery; outlaw-ry; english-ry; as the exercise of a business or an art: bart-ery; fish-ery; herald-ry; blazon-ry; poet-ry &c.; frequently too the product of the activity, as poet-ry; drap-ery; tapest-ry; hos-iery; also the place where an activity denoted by the root word is practised, or the object denoted thereby is found in abundance: bak-ery; barkery, tanhouse; nurs-ery; pant-ry (French paneterie); vint-ry; vest-ry; nunn-ery; jew-ry; finally, collective notions of every sort: infantry; caval-ry; peasant-ry; sold-iery; poult-ry; weed-ery weeds. It is to be observed that many words unite a variety of these meanings.

Substantives with the suffix ence and ance (see below), French the same, Latin ent-ia, ant-ia, have in part assumed collateral forms in ency, ancy, in part the latter only. Comp. indig-ency (indig-ence); exig-ency (exig-ence); excell-ency (excell-ence); exist-ency (exist-ence); consist-ency (consist-ence); brilli-ancy (brilli-ance); conson-ancy (conson-ance); without the collateral form: oppon-ency; urgen-cy; infancy; constan-cy &c.; rarely with a difference of notion, as pend-ence, slopeness; pend-ency, suspense.

With this is connected the termination cy, sy, in use in English, as it were tia, (comp. Latin inertia, ineptia), which readily joins to root words in t, mostly with rejection thereof, and often takes the place of the Latin tio. It appears as a particular suffix, serving to form abstract substantives, wherein cy approaches the suffix ness and sometimes interchanges with it: idio-cy (also idiot-cy LEWES); intima-cy (intimate); intrica-cy (intricate-ness); obstina-cy (obstinateness); luna-cy (lunat-ic); degenera-cy (degenerate-ness); secre-cy (secret); conspira-cy (conspiration) &c.; bankrupt-cy. It often serves to denote office and rank: ensign-cy; episcopa-cy; magistra-cy; papacy (Medieval-Latin papas, papatus); prela-cy; chaplain-cy; cura-cy;

cornet-cy; min-strel-sy; sometimes also collectively, as magistra-cy and minstrel-sy. In a concrete meaning we have lega-cy (legatum). The termination (cy) sy, zy, which has taken the place of the Latin, as in exta-cy, commonly ecsta-s4; pal-sy (paralysis); fren-zy (phrenesis), is to be distinguished from the former termination.

Of slight extent are the suffixes any. French ain, Latin aneus, and ony, French ogne, oine, to which we may add also mony, French moin, moine, Latin monia, monium: miscet-any; chapell-any; Gaseony (Gascogne); imitated: balc-ony; cere-mony; patri-mony; testi

mony; sancti-mony. Instead of any, ain, aign occur.

Of greater importance are the suffixes ary and org, not merely in substantives, but in adjectives also.

ary answers to the French aire, ier, Latin arius, a, um and aris, whereas the French suffixes ier and er elsewhere pass into er, ar. Those in ary are of English formation. The substantives belonging here often denote persons, who are active or participators in what is expressed by the stem, and are properly adjectives turned into substantives: incendi-ary; penitenti-ary; not-ary; secret-ary; statu-ary; vision-ary; cot-ary; prebend-ary; dignit-ary. Diverging into ory is mandat-ory, alongside of mandat-ary, likewise invent-ory. A name of a beast is dromed-ary. Names of things also occur, mostly ending in ier in French, wherein English approximates to the Latin form; a few are originally masculine (arius), as Janu-ary; Febru-ary; mostly neuter (arium): mill-ary; electu-ary, Old-English lettuarie; columb-ary (columbier, columbarium); gran-ary (grenier); sal-ary (salaire); chartul-ary (chartulaire).

Adjectives of this form increase in English: necess-ary; primary; tempor-ary; extraordin-ary; heredit-ary; lact-ary; cili-ary; circul-ary; hor-ary &c., see ar.

ory, t-ory, French oire, t-oire, Latin orius, l-orius, a, um, often passes over in English substantives into or, but remains, especially in adjectives, faithful to the form ory. Substantives are: memory; vict-ory; hist-ory; audit-ory; oral-ory; monit-ory; reposit-ory &c. Adjectives, many of which are turned into substantives, are: amatory; obligat-ory; rotat-ory; putsal-ory; suas-ory; circulat-ory; compensal-ory; compuls-ory &c., derived from participles.

ty, Modern-French té, Old-French fet, te, Old-English tee, te, Latin tal-em, serves to form abstract substantives, mostly with the connecting vowel i, sometimes e, yet also without a vowel: antiqui-ty; maligni-ty; liberali-ty; rani-ty; digni-ty; pie-ty alongside of pi-ty (Old-French pite); varie-ty; satie-ty; liber-ty; pocer-ty (Old-French poverte); plen-ty (Old-French plente); proper-ty alongside of propriety; certain-ly &c.

Some assume a concrete, mostly a collective meaning, as universi-ty; lai-ty; ci-ly &c.; gratui-ty (present); even for an individual: dei-ty.

ey, as a substantive, answers partly to the Modern-French é and ée, Latin alus, a, um, partly aie (Old-French, also oie, eie), Lat. eta, partly ie, Latin ia: attorn-ey, Old-French atorne (-atus); vall-ey, Old-. French valee; voll-ey; chimn-ey; journey; cor-ey (couvée); med(-ey;, (mixture); parl-ey (oral treaty); -mon-ey, Old-French moneie; comp.

ee, French é, Latin atus, is used in legal expressions of the person who participates passively in an act; to the personal names in ee there commonly stands opposed one in or, er, as that of the active participator: legator legat-ee; appellor - appell-ee; pawner -pawn-ee; promisor promis-ee; bailor vendbail-ee; vendor ee; granter grant-ee (one to whom a grant is made) &c. Sometimes the personal name is devoid of this passive meaning: refug-ee; ee even seems augmentative: derot-ee; grand-ee.

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In names of things too we find ee, mostly equal to the French ée, Latin ata: lev-ee; couch-ee; jamb-ee; yet also collectively of persons: committ-ee, in the passive sense.

We must distinguish herefrom the ee which sometimes occurs for the French e, ée, Latin acus, a, um: jubil-ee (jubilaeus sc. annus), particularly in names: Pharis-ee; Sadduc-ee; Pyren-ees.

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=

ia, Latin ia, which in French passed into ie, was often entirely cast off, whence many forms in English descend, as anguish (angoisse angustia), envy (envie = invidia), grace (= gratia); Gaul (Gaule = Gallia), Greece (Grèce Graecia) &c. Yet in modern times proper names of countries in particular have frequently assumed the Latin termination ia, even contrary to the Old-English custom: Ind-ia; Ethiop-ia; Arab-ia; As-ia; Pers-ia; Bactr-ia; which is also transferred to others: Lithuan-ia; Bavar-ia; Dalecarl-ia; Siber-ia; Sardin-ia; Caffrar-ia &c.; as the Latin a has also returned in other names: Afric-a; Americ-a; Louisian-a; Chin-a &c.

o is found as a suffix and in foreign words, as negr-o, volcan-o &c.; echo ("x-w-) and the like.

=

ue, lue is a rare suffix, answering to the French ue, tu, tue: statue, French the same, Latin sta-tua, from sta-tum; vir-tue, French ver-tu. Latin vir-tutem; va-lue, Ital. val-uta.

Consonantal Derivational Terminations.

1) The nasal and liquid letters m, n, 1, r are of particular importance among the Romance derivational consonants.

m, me appears in abstract substantives, like the French me instead of the primitive Greek ua: apophtheg-m; paradig-m; phleg-m; the-me; sche-me; but in part instead of the Latin men (i-men, a-men, u-men): real-m, Old-French real-me, Medieval-Latin regal-i-men; cri-me; vol-u-me; leg-u-me (also leg-u-men). In vict-im it stands for the Latin vict-ima (from vinco); in cost-ume and cust-om for the Latin udinem (consuet-udinem); in ransom, m has come in for n (Old-French raancon redemptionem).

=

asm, French asme, in part with an a of the stem before sm, rests upon Greek-Latin asma, asmus: mi-asm; ch-asm; catapl-asm ; enthusi-asm; sarc-asm; fant-asm.

ism, French isme, apart from the suffix resting upon the GreekLatin isma, wherein the vowel is identical with the vowel of the stem, as in prism, schism, is the derivational termination resting upon the Latin-Greek ismus, ouós, and of extensive use. It is not

only formed from verbs, as originally, but is also added, as in French, to noun stems. It expresses a bias to the activity signified by the stem, or an adherence to principles or doctrines, or a totality of principles and doctrines themselves: mechanism; despot-ism; patriot-ism; pugil-ism; Platon-ism; Juda-ism; Christian-ism; Calvin-ism; pagan-ism; gentil-ism; heathen-ism; often a blamable bias: manner-ism; pap-ism; de-ism; baby-ism &c.; to which ego-t-ism, formed from the personal pronoun (French the same, with egoïsme) also belongs. We also denote thereby idiomatic modes of expression: provincial-ism; vulgar-ism; Irish-ism &c. From the verbs derived from xós, icus (like άTT) and the forms xus, icismus arising out of them, forms in icism are derived: att-icism; empir-icism; fanat-icism; Hibern-icism and even witt-icism. - Upon the form a rests bapt-ism, Old-French bapt-isme, -esme, Modern-French baptême.

n appears in suffixes with vowels before it, which however are often interchanged in English.

in, ine, French in, ine, Latin īnus, also inus, sometimes inem (virginem), serves to form numerous substantives and adjectives. Substantives, answering to the termination inus, ina, although not treated alike in the sound and quantity of the vowel and in the accent, are partly names of persons, originally mostly of the masculine gender, as: libert-ine; palat-ine; cous-in (consobrinus, a); div-ine; concub-ine (concubina); to which belong also names of notions, as: Lat-in; Philist-ine; Sab-ine &c.; and names of beasts, as: dolph-in; sab-ine (a fish). To these are attached primitive names of things in ina, and imitated forms in French, both abstract and concrete: ru-in; medec-ine; discipline; doctr‐ine; seiz-in (saisine); fam-ine; ur-ine; res-in; bobb-in (bobine); verm-in (vermine); javel-in (javeline) &c., where we disregard words received with their French accent. Others are originally neuters, as: intestine, mat-in (SHAKSPEARE) (matutinum) &c. The scientific names of materials in in or ine, are imitated, as: ela-in; legum-in; case-in; butyr-ine &c. Court-ain has deviated, Old-French courtine; as in engine, Old-French enging, engien, Latin ingenium, the syllable ine belongs to the stem.

This suffix sometimes appears as a diminutive, as in fort-in (fortlet); cab-in, Cymric cab-an, Dimin. from cab; cod-l-in alongside of cod-l-ing small cod.

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The suffix in, ine, French ine, Latin inem, is rare: virg-in, OldFrench verg-ine; or-ig-in.

The adjectives in ine, French in, Latin inus and inus, coincide, with a partial interchange of the long and the short vowel. The suffix denotes the appurtenance to the substantive notion contained in the stem, partly according to descent, by which the above substantives are also explained. To the Latin inus answer: porc-îne; box-îne; fel-îne; fer-îne; div-îne; sal-îne; but also alp-ine; mur-ine; femin-ine; vulp-ine; corv-ine; clandest-ine &c.; to inus, originally belonging mostly to names of vegetable and mineral things: elephant-ine; corall-ine; hyacinth-ine; crystall-ine (according to some îne). Imitations mostly end in ine: lacert-ine; cancr-ine;