form abstract substantives from adjectives: avar-ice; mal-ice; notice; franch-ise; just-ice; coward-ice, Ŏld-English cowardise, -ie, OldFrench coardise, -ie; obsolete palliard-ise; covet-ise. warrant-ise (SHAKSPEARE, see SMART); merchand-ise; Old-English niggard-ise; larg-ess, formerly nobl-ess and others; rich-es. Many have been abandoned; among other imitated forms are pract-ice; treat-ise. A feminine name of persons in itia is Lett-ice (Laetitia).

ass, ace, French as, m.; ace, asse, fem., Latin aceus, a, um, forms substantives, partly denoting variation, or operates augmentatively: embarr-ass (embarras); cutl-ass (coutelas); cuir-ass (cuirasse); grim-ace, French, the same; popul-ace, French, the same; terr-ace, French terr-asse.

The suffix is mingled with others: fourn-ace (fournaise, from fornax or fornacea?), men-ace, French, the same, Latin minaciae. Rarely acy runs parallel to ace: popul-acy. In other words acy is to be divided a-cy. (See above.)

ese, French ais, ois, Latin ensis, has been preserved in some names of nations, in part also used adjectively: Malt-ese; Portuguese; Chin-ese; Japan-ese &c.

For ess as a feminine suffix see p. 251.

ous and ose, Old-French os, ous, Modern-French eur, more rarely our and ose, Latin ōsus, a, um, an adjective suffix, added to substantive stems, and expressing the affection in a high degree or the being replete with what the stem denotes, is uncommonly extensive in English, and in moderu formations frequently takes the place of other suffixes, particularly of the Latin us after vowels, but also after consonants, when the characteristic import of the suffix is often lost. The form ous is the most frequent: aque-ous; monstr-ous; nause-ous; lumin-ous; fabul-ous: furi-ous; call-ous; covetous; hide-ous; mischieve-ous; murder-ous; wondrous &c.; ri-ous; spuri-ous; errone-ous; corne-ous; conspicu-ous; contigu-ous; credul-ous; barbar-ous; ful-ous &c.; scurril-ous (Latin scurrilis); illustri-ous (illustris) &c. The form ose sometimes interchanges with ous, as in: varic-ose; aqu-ose; calcul-ose &c, but is frequently the sole one in use: bellic-ose; verb-ose; rug-ose; joc-ose and others.

ob

ence, ance, French ence, ance, Latin entia, antia, are substantive suffixes in words which have been developed from the original participial terminations ent, ant, and whose collateral forms in ency, ancy are mentioned above at p. 455. They give rise to abstract nouns, in which the verbal notion receives the meaning of a continuous quality or of a condition, rarely concrete substantives. Modern formations prefer ance: indig‐ence; innoc-ence; experience; occurr-ence; penit-ence; consequ-ence; consci-ence; ignor-ance; entr-ance; admitt-ance; repent-ance; griev-ance (OldFrench grevance); forbidd-ance; forbear-ance; hindr-ance; yield-ance &c. Concrete ones are, for example, rom-ance; subst-ance; ordnance (cannon) &c. Ence has passed into ense in the substantive

lic-ense.

age, French age, Latin aticum, is a substantive suffix proceeding from the Latin adjective suffix, which early became very familiar to French and in Medieval-Latin was rendered by agium. Sub

stantives with this suffix proceed from the most different parts of speech, are both concrete and abstract, and their suffix expresses in a broad sense appurtenance to the stem.

Concrete objects are: vis-age; carri-age; saus-age (from saucisse); cabb-age, from the Medieval-Latin gabusia, French cabus; there are but few which do not denote a locality, as: vill-age; vicar-age; cott-age; hermit-age; or assume a collective meaning, as cellar-age; lugg-age; bagg-age; fraught-age (SHAKSPEARE); floatage; plum-age; band-age; cord-age &c.; to which we may also refer names of victuals, as: pott-age; supp-age. In person-age, which is referred to the person, it is augmentative. It often denotes the yield of a thing, or the product of an activity: mile-age; lactage; post-age; full-age; gain-age; keel-age (duty paid for entering port); consul-age &c.

In an abstract sense it denotes partly the activity which its verbal stem expresses, or which is connected by its noun stem: marri-age; langu-age; broker-age; foster-age; voy-age; till-age; carn-age; coin-age; hom-age &c.; or the quality and the condition or station of the stem: cour-age; apprentis-age; peer-age; baron-age; baronet-age; bond-age; whence collectives may be again developed. In a few names of persons we must go back to aticus, as in: sav-age; host-age (Medieval-Latin hostagius, ostaticus-obsidiaticus). Adjectives hardly exist, as: sav-age.

In a few substantives this suffix meets the French age, Lat. ago: im-age; cartil-age.

4) Throat-sounds hardly need to be considered in derivation.

ic, French ic, ique, Latin icus, a, um (Greek xós), is properly an adjective suffix, denoting particularly appurtenance, and runs in Modern-English ic, Old-English ike, where the French presents ique: aul-ic; rust-ic; publ-ic; babylon-ic; fran-cic; celt-ic; bardic; fantast-ic; frant-ic; caust-ic; gener-ic &c.; it has also been preserved in the form atic (comp. age): aqu-atic; fan-atic; system-atic; hanse-atic &c. The adjective forms often have the above mentioned collateral form in ical. Joined to substantive forms the termination appears not only in names of persons, as: la-ic; domest-ic; cyn-ic; cathol-ic, asthm-atic; lun-atic &c., answering to the Latin in icus, but also in names of things, which presuppose a neuter icum, as: celt-ic; gael-ic; ton-ic; or which are referable to the feminine ica: arithmet-ic; mus-ic: phys-ic; phys-ic, and other plural terms of sciences, mathem-atics &c.; fabric and others.

ir, French ique, Latin icus, is very rare, as in pud-ic; ant-ique, which belongs here, has preserved the French form, alongside of ant-ic, with a different meaning.

iac, French iaque, Latin iacus (Greek axis), a termination nearly allied to the last, is found in a few forms, commonly too in personal terms used substantively: il-iac; man-iac; syr-iac; simon-iac and the like.

esque, French esque, with which the Latin is cus (syriscus) may be compared, is an adjective suffix, transferred from the Italian esco into French, and which at once gives substantive forms and denotes derivation or variation. It has penetrated in some

measure into English: mor-esque; roman-esque; pictur-esque; burlesque; grot-esque &c., and also uses some forms substantively, as burlesque.

2) Derivational Suffixes of the Verb.

The verbal derivation of the Romance constituent of the English tongue attaches itself immediately to the French process, which practised the Latin manner of derivation of words, not merely from primitive, but also from derivative nouns, by means of weak conjugational forms, and with still greater freedom.

In French we find nearly all noun suffixes over again in verbs. English could hardly extend this mode of forming words, with regard to the sort of suffixes, although it has considerably augmented the number of verbs which have thus arisen. Here, where, after the rejection of the Romance inflective terminations of the verb, the pure noun stem remains standing, only a few suffixes of the noun are missed in the verb, among which the substantive and adjective ones in y, as: ty, cy, ity, ency, ancy, ery, ary, ory and the less usual ones, as tude and the like, may be especially reckoned, although the language scorns a fixed limit in this respect.

Here therefore only the derivation of verbs from verbs, as well as that from nouns with particular verbal suffixes, has a particular interest as to the formation of words.

A) Verbs derived from verbs.

Latin-formed verbs denoting the persistence or repetition of the activity (intensive and frequentative verbs) from primitives by the suffix t and s of the first conjugation in tare, sare: saltare, pren-sare. In their formation they lean formally upon the supine and the passive participle agreeing with it. French imitated a multitude of forms of this sort, often with the abandonment of the intensive meaning, in connection with participial forms, and English adopted these and augmented their number. Hence verbs in t, te, 88, se (r, sh in contractions), as: trea-t, French trai-ter, Latin trac-tare; no-te, French no-ter, Latin no-tare; profes-s, French profes-ser; ra-se, era-se, French ra-ser; u-se, ab-use, misu-se, French u-ser, abu-ser; disper-se, French disper-ser; fix, French fixer; push, French pous-ser, Latin pul-sare. English imitations: uni-te; complete; promo-te; pollu-te; preven-t; asser-t; combus-t; corrupt; inflic-tz ac-1; instruc-t; dismis-s; agres-s; posse-s; percus-8; confu-se; elap-se; perplex and many more.

English goes a step further in this, forming from the supine or participle of the perfect of the first weak conjugation of the Latin à numerous class of verbs, to which neither Latin nor French gave any support. They arise from verbs of every kind, and in them ate appears as a particular verbal suffix, which has even been applied to modern formations (without any presupposed verb): indurate; enerv-ate; expatri-ate; migr-ate; navig-ate; renov-ale; perme-ate; procre-ate; devast-ale; castr-ate; captiv-ate &c. impan-ate; insolate; emargin-ate; emascul-ate; edulcor-ate, diplom-ate &c. Even

French participial forms give verbs: oin-t; poin-1; pain-t; prin-t; fain-t: tain-t; counterfei-t; clo-se &c.

The suffix it gave Latin frequentatives in it-are (ag-itare), some of which were also derived from nouns (pericl-itari). Verbs of this sort have been preserved in English, as partly in French, but they have at the same time assumed ale: ag-itate; palp-itate; hesitate; pericl-itate; facil-itate; debil-itate; nobil-itate &c.

Other suffixes coincide with Anglosaxon ones, as le, French ler, ailler (ulare, aculare), which is contained, for instance, in amb-le (ambler, ambulare); tremb-le; troub-le; scribb-le (écrivailler); or, like the French eter, oter, onner, asser, they are no longer considered as self-standing suffixes in the derivation of verbs.

But here belongs the suffix ish, Old-English ise, ice, ishe, ish, Old-Scottish is, eis, even es, ische, which has arisen from the French iss, Latin isc (esc), but in French rarely appeared in the infinitive of verbs (see below), yet still exists in forms of the verb in ir (fin-iss-ons, fin-iss-ais &c.). In Old-French this suffix was also inserted in other verbs and verbal forms than in Modern-French. Moreover sc with i, e, a appeared even in Latin in verbs derived from nouns. It originally gave to the verb an inchoative meaning, which however was quite disregarded in French. In English ish mostly appears in verbs in which Modern-French still usually employs iss: impover-ish, comp. French appauvrir; embell-ish; establish; abol-ish; accompl-ish; nour-ish; langu-ish; replen-ish (plen-ish), Old-French replenir; per-ish; pol-ish; pun-ish; burn-ish; bland-ish; brand-ish; fin-ish; furn-ish; van-ish, compare French évanouir; tarnish; demol-ish; cher-ish; garn-ish &c. Yet the suffix is also put to other Romance verbal stems, as aston-ish, Old-French estoner, OldEnglish astonen; publ-ish (publier); vanqu-ish (vaincre); dimin-ish (diminuer); distingu-ish (distinguer), hence also extingu-ish; admonish, compare Old-French amonester, also Old-English amoneste; and to Latin ones, as: fam-ish (fames); relinqu-ish (relinquere) and the like. In rejoice it has been mutilated, Old-English rejoisse (PIERS PLOUGHм. p. 324.). Other forms, as angu-ish, Old-French angoisser, from angustia, do not belong here. See also ize at the end.

In French we find esc in acquiescer, whereas an infinitive termination cir has elswhere been formed from escere, as in noir-cir (nigrescere). In English esce likewise sometimes stands, as in: acquiesce; efferv-esce; intum-esce; efflor-esce; deliqu-esce and other modern

verbs.

B) Verbs derived from nouns.

Verbs of this sort sometimes presented the suffixes ic, ig in Latin, which came between the stem and the termination, although the suffix ic already belonged to some nouns from which verbs were derived (comp. fabrica, fabricare). French represented verbs of this sort partly by iquer, iguer, iger, partly by cher, ger, ier, ayer, oyer &c.

English has developed therefrom verbs in icate and igate: commun-irate; mit-igate; nav-igate; fum-igate; cast-igate, along with chastise, French châtier, Old-English chastien; and in some verbs has leaned upon abridged French forms, as for-ge (forger fabri

=

care); jud-ge (juger = judicare); char-ge (charger carricare). In icare also, French ier, oier, the i, as in other verbs has been preserved as y after the rejection of the termination: carr-y, OldFrench carier, charier, caroier &c., comp. marr-y (marier, maritare); var-y (varier); remed-y (remédier); cand-y (candir); accompan-y (accompagner accompaniare), see p. 161. In verbs with an ic of the stem, as in those compounded with ficare, -plicare, French -fier, plier, ŷ appears: mystify, justify, apply, multiply &c.; a termination, which we see transferred to others in ier, éer, and even er (are): defy (defier, Ital. disfidare, from fides); supply (suppléer supplere); occupy (occuper).

=

ize, and sometimes ise, French iser, Latin issare, also izare (Greek Ew) is a frequent derivational termination of denominative verbs. In French it gained a wide extension, appearing in intransitive and transitive verbs, as in English, where it yields many modern forms.

In intransitive verbs (which moreover become also in part transitive) the suffix denotes the setting in notion in the sense or in the measure of the person or thing denoted by the stem: epicur-ize; moral-ize; poet-ize; fratern-ize; tempor-ize; - perhaps too the producing or the obtaining of the object, denoted by the stem: dent-ize.

Transitive verbs often have a factitive import: natural-ize; real-ize; fertil-ize; general-ize; civil-ize; human-ize; oxyd-ise; bituminize; pulver-ize; crystall-ize; epitom-ize; substantial-ize; devil-ize (B. HALL.).

The verb also becomes the expression of the activity brought about by the stem, as in: exorc-ise; subsid-ize; cauter-ize.

Lastly verbs of this sort may denote an activity, in which the stem is the mark of the agent: Tyrann-ize.

Verbs in ise, are modern collateral forms of those in ish, French ir, as franchise, enfranch-ise, affranch-ise, eclairc-ise, although they resemble Old-English ones.

B) Compounding.

Compounding consists in the combination of two words perceptible by themselves, comprehended in a notional and vocal unity under one acute accent. A compound word may enter into another compound, as in: handkerchief, ale-house-keeper, gooseberry-wine, disembark, pocket-handkerchief. Words of this sort are termed Decomposites.

The words comprised under one acute accent form, properly speaking, one verbal body, and should accordingly be represented as such in writing. In English however this happens by no means always or uniformly. While, on the one hand, this union is denoted by the written language, as in: mankind, husband, earthquake, sunset &c., the notional comprehension is, in many compound words, signified by a hyphen, as in: Anglo-Saxon, sea-coast, death-bed, moon-calf &c., or the uniting is left to the reader, as in Byron: Beyond his palace walls. Till summer heats were down. The midnight festival.