liner, by which is contemptuously designated the literary man who writes for public papers at a penny the line.

The Compound Adjective.

The compound adjective consists either of two adjectives or of a substantive and an adjective. The compounding of a verb with an adjective is hardly regarded.

a) Compounding of two adjectives.

1) The one adjective may here stand in a direct relation to the other. This is the case if the compound denotes two qualities additionally, the one of which does not appear as determining the other, but as equally entitled or perhaps mixed with it. Here also Romance forms with the connecting vowel o occur: oblong-ovate (Botanical); conravo-concave; concavo-convex; red-short (breaking short when red-hot); whity-brown; bitter-sweet (as a substantive, the name of a plant); anglo-saxon. Examples of this sort are not frequent; for in compounds like anglo-american; anglo-danish; anglonorman the first element, as the more particularly determining, commonly preponderates. Here however may be referred numerals in the additional relation, as thirteen, fourteen &c., twentytwo &c.

Far more commonly the first adjective operates as a determining word of the second: manifold, Anglosaxon manegfeald; redhot; red-mad (quite mad [Durham Dial.]) imitations of the preceding; half-red; roman-catholic; full-hot; "dead-ripe (completely ripe HALLIWELI. S. v.); daring-hardy (as else fool-hardy, Old-French fol hardi; fool-bold, wherein fool may likewise be regarded as an adjective), lukewarm, Cymric llug, Cornish lug, stifling. Here also may be reckoned the adjectives compounded with all (al), although in them the Anglosaxon particle äl is primarily to be presumed, but which even in Anglosaxon is interchanged with the adjective eal, omnis, totus, in Anglosaxon: almighty, Anglosaxon älmeahtig; all-eloquent; all-present; all-powerful; all-wise &c. Comp. omnipotent. Yet from these we must distinguish the cases in which all appears as an object: all-bearing omniparous; all-making = omnifie; to which magnific, vivific, grandific, grandiloquent attach themselves as Romance and Latin forms.

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Apart from the compounds of adjectives with ly and some, like lowly; weakly; cleanly; goodly &c.; longsome; wearisome; wholesome; gladsome &c.; in dialects even threesome treble &c. we find most frequently adjectives compounded with the participles, with which the adjective sometimes receives wholly the character of the adverb: new-made; new-born; long-spun; fresh-blown; full-fed; dearloved; dead-drunk; dead-struck; dear-bought; high-born; high-finished; high-grown; hard-gotten &c.; fresh-looking; long-stretching; deep-musing; high-flying; hard-working &c. Comp. multivagant, altiloquent and other Latinized forms.

2) In an indirect relation stand compound adjectives the second of which is derived from a substantive, which must be originally thought in a direct relation with the first, although the existence

of a compound with the substantive does not follow from it. Compare the Latin tardipes, from tardus pes. In a few cases certainly compound substantives subsist along with derivative adjectives of this sort: even-hand even-handed; hot-spur hot-spurred; red-coat red-coated. Latin forms of this sort passed into French, and are also to be met with in English, even in imitative forms, as magnanimous; multiform; multinodate; multilocular; longevous; longimanous; longirostral &c. Numerous English forms give to the derived adjective the form of a participle of the perfect, although this often does not exist in Anglosaxon: Anglosaxon clanheort (clean-hearted); anhende (onehanded); gläseneág (glasseyed); yet participial forms also occur: anéged (luscus) along with âneage; ânecged (oneedged) along with ânecge &c. Comp. old-fashioned; open-hearted; mild-spirited; narrow-minded; long-legged; long-fanged; loud-voiced (L. BYRON); red-haired; blunt-witted; full-eyed; fullwinged; wide-branched; deep-vaulted; dark-eyed; sure-footed; highminded; hard-fisted; hot-blooded; hot-brained &c. Numeral adjectives especially are thus compounded: one-eyed; two-handed; two-seeded; three-edged; three-leafed; three-cornered; four-footed Anglosaxon feóverfête; comp. quadruped; seven-hilled &c. This is likewise not rare in Anglosaxon: anhyrned; prîbeddôd; prîfyrhed (trisulcus); prîheáfded; prîhyrned &c. A few English compounds preserve the Anglosaxon form without the participial form, as barefoot, alongside of barefooted, Anglosaxon bärfôt. As an imitation of such forms, of the same sound as substantives, may be regarded: Three-footstool SHAKSPEARE); Three-man-beetle (ID.); whereas the apparently adjective use of substantives, as in half-blood, is founded upon the license of loose composition in English.

b) Compounding of a substantive and an adjective. 1) We may regard a substantive and adjective as standing in a direct relation, when their being placed together rests upon a comparison of the quality expressed by the adjective with a characteristic quality of the object denoted by the substantive. Compare blood-red, that is, red as blood is red, Anglosaxou blôdread; bloodwarm; blood-hot; armgaunt (SHAKSPEARE); armgret (CHAUCER); milk-white, Anglosaxon meolchvît; nut-brown; sea-green; snail-slow (SHAKSPEARE); snow-white, Anglosaxon snâhvît; stone-cold; stonedead; stone-blind; stone-still; key-cold; coal-black; clay-cold; grassgreen, Anglosaxon gräsgrêne; heaven-bright, Anglosaxon heofonbeorht; honey-swete (CHAUCER); hell-hated (SHAKSP.); arm-shaped; pencilshaped; cone-shaped &c. This compounding is extended to adjectives in the form of the participle of the perfect, derived from substantives, and in which the comparison touches the object expressed by the substantive lying at their root: oar-footed, that is, having feet like an oar; cock-headed; coal-eyed; lily-livered = white livered, cowardly (SHAKSP.) &c. With these may be compared remnants of Romance forms like vermiform.

Occasionally the comparison does not go to the characteristic quality of an object generally, but to its constitution, so far as the aforesaid quality belongs to it: maidpale (SHAKSP.), not: pale

like a girl; but: like a pale girl; dog-mad, mad as a mad dog: dog-weary; dog-sick.

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From such compounds are developed those in which the middle links are more remote, so that even the consciousness of an original comparison recedes, and the substantive preceding the adjective is often felt only as a strengthening of the adjective, and is interchanged with others which no longer have any reference to it. Compare sand-blind, halfblind (as if sand glistened before the eyes, hence in the North of England sanded), whence the strengthening in Shakspeare: high-gravel-blind (Merch. of V. 2, 2.); moon-eyed, that is with eyes change like the moon (with the change of the moon) are affected like the moon; span-new (even in Chaucer), that is Anglos. spon splinter, perhaps with the meaning of nail, hence also compounded with spick spike, spick-and-span-new, piping hot (HUDIBR.), that is, new like a nail just coming from the fire, agreeing with fire-new, new, as if coming from the fire (glowing), for which also brand-new and bran-new (perhaps assimilated to span-new) is used. Hence the combinations: span-firenew; brand-fire-new; bran-span-new; brand-spander-new and the like, in the mouth of the people. Belly-naked (which also formerly stood in Chaucer 9200, where Wright has al aloone body naked) = entirely naked; comp. starke bely-naked. . as naked as my nayle (ACOLASTUS 1540.) with which Fiedler compares mother-naked, seems to go to the nakedness of the child as it comes from the womb. In purblind, poreblind, for which strangely spurdlind (LATIMER) also occurs, no substantive is to be sought for: pur, pore is naught else than the adjective adverb pure: Me scolde pulte oute bope hys eye & make hym pur blynd (ROв. OF GLOUCESTER II. 376.). Thus we find in the same author purwyt (pure white); pur fersse (pure fresh); pure clene and others. Compare also plat-blind (HALLIWELL s. v.). Moreover in the provinzial starnaked (Suffolk) star is not substantive; it stands for starknaked, as starkgiddy (LANC.), starkstaring (Var. Dial.).

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2) A substantive and an adjective frequently stand in the indirect relation.

a) The substantive may in several cases be apprehended analogously to a case dependent on the adjective; as, a genitive in those compounded with full (for the most part) and less and in some others, as those with weary, worthy, guilty; life-weary; blood-worthy; blood-guilty and the like; as a dative in composition with ly and like: deathlike; godlike; snow-like &c. In Romance compounds a substantive appears not rarely as an accusative before a verbal adjective, as in ignivomous; armigerous; oviparous; mammiferous; morbific; morbifical; pacific; fatiferous; fatidical; carnivorous, and others. In English forms a participle of the present in ing appears with its object preceding it. Comp. earth-shaking; mindfilling; life-giving; love-darting; death-boding; soul-stirring; heartpiercing; heart-rending and many more, in which only the collocation of the words departs from the common syntactical combination of the verb with an object.

B) Some substantives compounded with genuine adjectives are

to be explained by means of connecting prepositions. They are to be reduced in part to relations of space, so far as the quality makes its appearance in, on or upon an object, or extends up to an object: bedrid, Old-English bedrede, Anglosaxon bedrida, -ridda, -rëdda, properly a substantive, participially, by a misunderstanding, bedridden; steadfast, Anglosaxon stedfäst (fast in place); Armstrong, as a proper name, Anglosaxon earmstrang (bracchio validus); headstrong, figuratively; heart-sick (sick at heart), Anglosaxon heortseóc; soul-sick; heart-deep (rooted in the heart); brimful, full to the brim; topful, the same, hence figuratively topproud (SHAKSP.); breast-deep; breast-high, that is, to the breast; knee-deep; threadbare, that is, bare to the thread. Other references are not frequent, as that of the cause: love-sick, sick from love; sea-sick, sick from the sea. In arme-puissant (WEBSTER) the idea of the cause is likewise approximate. That of an inclination or bias to something lies in the dialectical, particularly Scottish compounding with rife, as: playrife, comp. playful, playsome; wastrife, squandering; toothrife, enjoyable, comp. toothful, palatable; rife is Anglosaxon rîf, frequens, Old-norse rîfr, largus, Lowdutch riwe, which is also used for "readily resolved, not shy at anything". In watertight, we may suppose the idea of tightness against water. Latin had similar forms, which, scantily native to French, were still more scantily copied; they have not been lost in English: armipotent; armisonous; noctivagous; noctilucous; caprigenous &c. English is however most rich in compounds of this sort of a substantive and a participle, in which the reference to space, time, connection and causality is expressed, and which poetry particularly multiplies: air-built (in the air); forest-born (in a wild) (SHAKSP.); heart-hardened; soul-felt; earth-wandering (over the earth); sea-roving; sea-faring; night-blooming; night-shining; birth-strangled (suffocated in being born) (SHAKSP.); air-born (of the air); earth-born alongside of terrigenous; ale-fed (with ale); moss-clad; dew-besprinkled; sea-girt; snow-crowned; copper-fastened; angel-peopled; fool-begged (begged by a fool, foolish); wind-dried; dew-bent; sea-tossed; sea-torn; thunder-blasted; wind-fallen; booklearned; death-doomed (to death) &c.

c) Compounding of a verb and an adjective.

This sort of compounding, foreign to French, less limited in Germanic tongues, as in the Highdutch compounds with bar, haft, lich &c., is almost wholly unknown to English. A verbal stem is sometimes found here before the termination som, as in: tiresome; buxom (from beogan, bûgan); in forgetful, and perhaps a few more. Through the sameness in sound of these verbs with substantives the decision is, moreover, sometimes doubtful here, as in toilsome, the dialectical feelless and others.

2) The Compounding of the Verb.

a) Compounding of two verbs.

No verb is compounded with another verb in Anglosaxon; Latin offers compounds of verbal stems with facere and fieri, as calefacere

&c., besides valedicere. French has adopted some such verbs, even imitated them; forms of this sort with the French form in fy (fier) have passed into English: arefy; liquefy; stupefy; calefy. b) Compounding of a substantive and a verb.

The formation of verbs of a noun and a verb is in general foreign to the older Germanic tongues, most forms which might appear to be such being parasyntheta, therefore verbal forms from an already compound noun. Primitive compounds are especially those with the substantive mis, Anglosaxon miss, mis, mist, which indeed even in Anglosaxon was only employed as a particle in compounding, and in English coincides in form and meaning with the Old-French particle mes, Modern-French més, mé, Latin minus: miswrite, Anglosaxon misvrîtan; misteach, Anglosaxon mistæcan; misdo, Anglosaxon misdôn; misthink, comp. Anglosaxon mispyncean; mishear, Anglosaxon mishŷran; misbehave; misbelieve; misgive &c.; miscounsel, Old-French mesconseiller; misesteem, French mésestimer; misjudge; misgovern &c English hardly has any others, resting upon older Germanic tongues, at whose root no visible compound lies; handfast, Anglosaxon handfästan (in manum tradere); handsel, Anglosaxon handsellan (subst. handselen, Bosw., Old-English handsal); ransack, Old-norse ransaka (explorare; subst. ransak, from ranni, domus, but also ran, spolium and saka, arguere, nocere, comp. Highdutch heimsuchen).

English forms are: motheat (to eat as a moth eats a garment); landdamn (to condemn to quit the land); landlock (to encompass by land); ringlead; partake (a hybrid form from part take); backbite (to censure the absent); in backslide (to fall of) back seems to operate as a particle; bloodlet; browbeat (to depress by severe looks); waylay (to beset by the way); kilndry (to dry in a kiln); caterwaul, comp. Old-English catwralling (to cry as cats in rutting time); keelhale; cleftgraft (to ingraft by inserting the cion in a cleft); hoodwink (to blind by covering the eyes), from Anglosaxon hôd, pileus and vincjan, connivere. Hamstring, is derived from hamstring; spurgall, to gall with the spur, has also a substantive of the same sound alongside of it (comp. Old-norse galli, naevus) and seems a derivative verb, like to gall alongside of the substantive gall. Romance forms, which attached themselves to Latin ones, have likewise been received, partly imitated, particularly those in which the substantive may be taken in the accusative: belligerate (belligerare); edify (aedificare, French édifier); modify; mortify (mortificare, mortem facere); pacify; signify; versify; tergiversate; duncify; fishify (jocosely); ignify; rapidify; mummify; salify; sanguify &c. Verbs too, in which the substantive could not answer to an accusative, have been received according to the Romance pattern: manumit (manumittere); crucify (cruci figere); maintain (maintenir = manu tenere).

c) Compounding of an adjective and a verb.

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Of this sort of composition the same was true in Anglosaxon, with the exception of the adjectives fen (Engl. even), full, sam, as has been observed of substantives. Of them only fulfill, Angl. fulfyllan, is remaining; besides a few modern forms, as finedraw;