finestill, to distil (WEBSTER); dumfound (to strike dumb); newfangle is derived from the Old-English adjective newfangel, greedy of innovation (comp. Anglosaxon fengel = susceptor); and newmodel reminds us of the subst. model with the adj. new, like as white-wash and dry-nurse are to be derived from the substantives of the same sound. In soothsay, which leans upon the Anglosaxon sôðsagol, sôðsprecande and the like, sooth may be taken either as an adjective or a substantive. Romance forms of this sort after the Latin pattern are mostly compounded with fy: magnify; mollify; falsify; fortify; vivify; ratify; dulcify; also with pronouns: identify; qualify; rarely others, as vilipend. The agglutination of the verb with an adjective after it is peculiar in vouchsafe, in Old-English mostly written distinctly rouchen safe (vouche saf MAUNDEV. p. 148. the king vouches it save [LANGTOFT 260.], vouche ye hur safe (Ms. in HALLIWELL from vouchen) that is Old-French vochier, vocher and salf, sauf. vocare salvum. Along therewith was formerly found the hybrid combination: witsafe (Anglosaxon vîtan, imputare): That God witsafe to saue them fro dampnation (THE PARDONER p. 117.). How far participles can appear with a noun before them, has been before pointed out. In this respect the language has ruled much more freely, the verbal nature of the participles blending with that of the adjective. There is a number of apparent or real compounds, in which a misunderstanding or a disfigurement of the fundamental forms prevails. Roundelay, French rondelet, has been occasioned by the Romance virelai; Old-English Synggyng of lewde balettes, rondelettes or virolais (Ms. in HALLIWELL from virolai); beaf-eater (a yeoman of the guard) must have arisen from the Old-French buffet buffetier (on account of their being appointed at the buffet); farthingale, the hoop of a frock, rhymes with nightingale, and has been deformed from the Old-French vertugale, vertugadin; furbelow (apparently fur-below), is the Ital. falbala, also farfala, farubala. Peter-see-me, a Malaga wine, is the corrupted Pedro-Ximenes; as zinc wares in Lincolnshire and Nottingham bear the name (tutenag), the corrupted name of the metal tooth-and-egg; sparrow-grass arose from asparagus, in Fletcher: sperage; causeway alongside of causey is an apparent compound instead of the Old-French cauchie, chaucie, ModernFrench chaussée; crayfish and crawfish with crab stand under the influence of the Old-French escrevisse, Modern-French écrevisse and the like. Other for ns are puzzling, as balderdash, with which haberdasher, is nearly allied, since in Old-English haberdash likewise denoted a jumble of things: An hole armory of suche haburdashe (SKELTON I. 267.). In the North of England the schoolmaster is also called haberdasher. Two analogous forms are tatterdemalion, tatterdemallion (tatter, perhaps = OldFrench maillon = maillot), and slubber degullion, a filthy fellow (slubber, and gullish, or gully), in which de seems to be the French particle. Pedigree, which some would explain by pes and gradus, others by par degrés, has an older form petygrewe (PALSGRAVE) which confutes those explanations. Even scabbard, seems a compound; in Old-English it is: scawberk; sckauberk, perhaps Scheiden-berge, compare Old-norse scafi, scalprum, and hauberk, Old-French hauberc and haubert, Hals-berge. A greater number of obscure compounds has been incidentally treated of in the Phonetics. Others, in which a play with rhyme, alliteration and alternation of sounds takes place have been discussed at p. 431. 3) The compounding of the Verb and of Nouns with Particles. With this sort of Compounds, prepositions, or particles nearly allied to prepositions, together with a few others, come chiefly under review. There are on the one hand primitively Anglosaxon; on the other, Romance particles. Both have entered into hybrid combinations and agree with one another here and there in form. The Romance compounding has however been preserved to a wider extent than the Germanic, many compounds with Anglosaxon particles having been wholly or partly abandoned. a) Compounding with Anglosaxon particles. We discriminate inseparable particles, occurring only in combination with and before verbs and nouns, and separable ones, which also occur in syntactical combination outside of these. Anglosaxon formed numerous compounds of both sorts; English has gradually abandoned them more and more, yet also employed many particles in various new forms. 1) Inseparable Particles. a, Old-Highdutch ur, ar, er, ir, Gothic us (ur-r), Angl. d, and in Angl. not to be always distinguished from the a standing for an, on, and af, of, and Modern-Highdutch er, has been getting more and more rare in English. It still stands in a few verbs, partly with the meaning of direction upwards, as if up out of something: arise (ârîsan); arouse (ârâsjan); awake (âvâcan); awaken (âvacnjan, yet also onvacnjan); partly of a continuous, also successful activity: affright (âfyrhtan); or of an inchoate activity: alight (âlîhtan). Many are obsolete, as: abare (âbärjan); aby (âbycgan); ashame (âscamjan), the participle from which, ashamed, is still particularly in use; agrise (âgrîsan, horrere); aslake (âsleacjan). The old tongue had many more, as: ablenden (âblendan); awreken (âvrëcan); aferen (âfæran, terrere); aquellen (âcvellan): agulten (âgyltan) &c. In nouns it is hardly found save in parasyntheta: affright, Anglosaxon âfyrhto. an, a, un, Gothic und, Old - Saxon ant, Modern - Highdutch ent, in Anglosaxon rarely and, often on, answering to the OldHighdutch ant and and, is found, as and, only in the substantive answer (andsvara) and the derivative verb answer (andsvarjan). The and interchanging with on and á, appears as an Engl. a in: abide (âbîdan), also and-, an-, onbîdan); as well as in the obsolete acknow and acknowledge (oncnâvan, Old-Saxon antkennjan) and in the participle adread (andrædan, ondrædan), Old-English adrenchen (âdrencan, ondrencan). But the Anglosaxon on in the privative sense, belonging here, early passed into the English un. The reason lies in Anglosaxon forms, in which un appears along with on &c., without any essential distinction: unbind (onbindan, ondbindan, but also unbindan); ungear (ongearvjan); undo (ondôn); unlock (onlûcan and unlûcan); unwind (unvindan), retexere alongside of onvindan, solvere; untie (ontygan and untygëan); unyoke (ungeócjan). The number of verbs, compounded with this privative un, answering to the Romance dis, is very great; it is also readily annexed to Romance forms: unarm; unparadise; unbias; unbutton; unfix; unsaint; unchain; uncage; unharness; unhumanize &c. un, Anglosaxon un, Old-norse ô, Modern-Highdutch un, not only in the sense of the Romance dis but also of in, belonged, even in Anglosaxon, less to verbs than to substantives, and particularly to adjectives. In verbs the forms with un are hard to distinguish from those with a primitive on; see an. The number of substantives compounded with an Anglosaxon un very much meeted away: untruth (untreóvo), and is contained in hardly any Germanic imitations: unfriend; unfriendship; unrest; unbelief; unhap; as in parasyntheta: unanswerableness; uncouthness; uncleannes &c.; also compounded with Romance substantives: unacquaintance; unrepentance; unreserve; unconcern &c. But the number of adjectives and particles compounded with un is uncommonly large: uneven (unëfen); unwise (unvîs); unright (unriht); unfair (unfäger); uncouth (uncûd); unclean (unclæne); unearthly; unbearable; unseemly; unhandsome &c.; unending; unebbing; unabiding; unbeing; unedifying; unaccording; undeclining &c.; unabetted (unâbêtt = âbêted); unbroken (ungebrocen); unwrinkled; untold; unexhausted; unacted; unlimited; undated &c. Nouns often alternate between un and the Romance in (see in); we find a solitary case of this in most remarkably in Anglosaxon: incúð, ignorans, incûdlice, ignoranter. be, Anglosaxon bë, bi, big, Old-English be, bi, Gothic bi, OldHighdutch pi, in Modern-English in verbs and in the form be, except in the parasyntheton by-name; on the other hand in use sometimes in nouns in the separable form by, answers, as an inseparable prefix, to the Highdutch be. It affords a pretty good number of compound verbs, although many Anglosaxon compounds have been lost. The particle gives essentially, as it seems, especially to the transitive verb, the import of the activity working in the immediate proximity, therefore comprehending and comprising the object and extending beyond it: bemoan (bemênan); belie (beleógan); belay (belecgan); befoul (befŷlan); beweep (bevêpan); bethink (bepencean); beseech (bisêcan); besmear (besmërjan); bespeak (besprecan); bestride (bestrîdan); bestrew (bestrevan); begird (begyrdan); beget (begëtan); begnaw (begnagan); behave (behabban); behold (behealdan) &c.; bemaze; benumb; bewail; bewilder; bedash &c. Even Romance verbs receive the particle: bemask; bepinch; bepaint; bepowder; bepurple; betray; besiege &c. Many verbs of this sort are formed from nouns, although simple derivative verbs often stand alongside of them: bewinter (to make like winter, on the other hand, winter to pass the winter); bedevil (abuse, on the other hand devil to make devilish); benight; betroht; beleper (to infect with leprosy); besnuff (to befoul with snuff, not from the verb to snuff); belee (to place on the lee) &c. On the other hand befriend, bewitch, behoney, bespot, bestain and many more, have simple verbs alongside of them. Expressions like belittle (to make smaller), beguilty (to render guilty) are not naturalized in England. = = The privative import of the verb behead (beheáfdjan) also belongs to the simple head, as well as to the Anglosaxon heafdjan, decollare. In intransitive verbs the import of the particle recedes more: become (becviman); belong; behappen, although most of the intransitives are also at the same time transitive, as: betide; beseem and others. be is seldom united with the substantive: belief (leáfa); behest behæs); behalf; behoof (behof); but the accented by often; by-word (bivord); by-spell (bi-, bigspell) with various later formations in the meaning of the collateral, deviating and private: byinterest; by-end; by-matter; by-name; by-passage; by-path; by-blow; by-speech; by-street; but also by-stander as spectator. In proper names: Bywater; Bytheway; Bythesea &c. by works as a preposition. Adjectives in be are formed from participial forms: bemused; beloved; befogged; betumbled; betutored; begilt; begored &c.; whose remaining verbal forms do not occur, although we sometimes find their infinitives cited in dictionaries. for, Anglosaxon for, answering to the Gothic faur, fair and fra, Old-English for, vor, ver (ROB. OF GLOUCESTER), Modern-Highdutch ver, precisely distinguished from fore, yet sometimes confounded with it, belongs especially to verbs and their parasyntheta. A great number of compounds with for has been gradually abandoned. The essential import of the particle, that of forth, away, off, appears in: forbid (forbeódan); forbear (forbëran); fordo (fordon); forsake (forsacan); forswear (forsverjan); forgive (forgifan); forget (forgetan); participle forlorn. The older tongue has forfend, fordrive, forsay (forsecgan forbid) and others. The idea of deviation, as if of a perversion of the activity lies in the Old-English forshape (transform); forthink (repent); that of out beyond and past lies in forego (forgangan, praeterire, distinct from forego, foregangan to go before), and the old forpass (go by). The idea of going on in doing to the end, of finishing, which goes on to annihilation, has been quite abandoned in Modern-English: OldEnglish forbeten (beat down); forbiten (bite to pieces); forfreten; forwasten; often in participial forms: forwept; fordwined; forpined; fordronken &c.; also as fore: forespent (SHAKSPEARE); foreshame; foreslow; in which the particle often works only strengtheningly. In forelay, also forlay (to block up the road) the particle fore before is perhaps to be sought; comp. forestall, Old-English also forstallen (hinder &c.). Parasynthetic nouns are: forbiddance; forbearance; forbearer; forgiveness; forgetful &c. The particle ge, Mod.-Highd. ge, here and there appearing in participles as y, has been abandoned: yclad &c., Old-English also in nouns, as: ywis; ylike &c.; Modern-English as e in enough. Instead of ylike we find in ModernEnglish alike, as akin (allied by nature) answers to the Anglosaxon gecynne, congruus. To, Anglosaxon tô, Modern-Highdutch zer, has also disappeared in Modern-English. Old English still often used it in the meaning of the Latin dis: tobreken (tôbrëcan); tobresten (tôberstan); tocleven (tôcleofan); torenden; todrawen; toswinken; toluggen (tear); toshullen (cut off); tohewen; and in Skelton: toragged and torente I, 43. 2) Separable Particles. in, Anglosaxon in, with the meaning of the Latin in and intra, has been preserved in a few Anglosaxon verbs and nouns, as in: indrench (indrencan); inland (inland terra dominica); income (compare incviman, intrare); infangthef (infangen pêf); inwit (invit). How far extended the Germanic in, not assimilating its n before other sounds, is to be assumed to be cannot be properly determined, since it blends with Romance forms. Thus in comes before Germanic words: inlock; inbathe; inbreathe; infold; inwall; inweave; insnare; inhold &c.; inroad; inlet; instep &c.; yet it yields to Romance forms: enlighten (Anglosaxon onlyhtan); enfetter; engird; embolden; imbolden; embody; imbody; imbrown &c. after, Anglosaxon after, post, is no longer found in verbs, as in Anglosaxon, but only in a few nouns, in the sense of succession in time: aftermath; afternoon; afterages; afterpiece; afterbirth; aftertaste; afterthought; aftercrop. on, Anglosaxon on (au), Old-Highdutch ana, Modern-Highdutch an, is frequent in verbs and nouns in Anglosaxon, but only to be met with in English in a few nouns: onset (comp. onsettan, ansettan); onsetting; onslaught (comp. onsläg); onstead (single farmhouse) might belong to one; onward. Formerly the verb onset also was found; onbraid (= upbraid, PALSGRAVE). Onstand is dialectical (NORTH.), a money compensation from the outgoing to the ingoing tenant; onfall. and the like. off, Anglos. of (af, äf), Old-norse af, Modern-Highdutch ab, is in use in only a few nouns: offspring (ofspring), suboles; offset; offal off-fal, Old-norse affall, rubbish; offscum, Old-norse afskûm (also regarded as an adjective = vile); off scouring (without a corresponding verb), refuse; in off horse (most distant) off is regarded as an adjective. Offset, as a verb, is not the Anglosaxon ofsettan. but a parasyntheton of offset in the meaning of counterreckoning. over, Anglosaxon ofer, Old-Highdutch ubar, Modern-Highdutch über, is common in Anglosaxon in verb and noun compounds, and is frequently employed in English in composition with Romance stems. It has the sense of over in space, with regard to an activity passing above an object. Verbs: overflow (oferflôvan); overgild (ofergildan); overspread; oversnow; overcloud; overarch; overveil; here belong also overglance and the like; in the meaning of the movement passing over: overclimb (oferclimban); overleap (oferhleápan); overreach to extend beyond; overfly; overshoot; overship &c., therefore also of the movement going from above downwards: overset (diverging from ofersettan, supra ponere); overthrow; overturn. Nouns: overleather; overstory; overfall (cataract) &c.; overbuilt; overgrassed &c. In regard to time the sense of beyond lies in overlive (oferlibban) = outlive; overdate. = The meaning of overstepping a relative or absolute measure is frequent. Verbs: overpoise; overweigh; overbalance; overtop; overeat (oferëtan); overdrink (oferdrincan); overween (ofervênan); overdo (oferdôn); overdrive (oferdrîfan); overagitate; overrate; overfreight; overjoy; overcharge &c. Nouns: overlight (immoderately |