syllables beginning with a consonant, and cited below, the consonant is drawn to the following vowel: fea-sible, pa-per, fä-ther, no-tice, hu-mour, bi-shop, spi-rit. bá-che-lor, orí-gi-nal, gé-ne-ral, áu-tumn. acknów-ledgement, compá-nion. This principle is often not observed with a short accented vowel, so that we frequently meet the division: près-ent, canopy, philos-opher, abóm-inate &c., consistency with which is, however, not found throughout even in good lexicographers. A mute e alone is never broken off from its preceding consonant: mouse, house, hinge. 3) Two consonants, standing between two vowels or diphthongs, are divided as the final and the initial sound, unless a mute stands along with a liquid consonant and can form the initial sound of the last vowel, which is not the case, if the liquid commences a derivative syllable: mán-ner, púl-ley, bég-gar, múr-der, ség-ment, prin-ciple, dig-nity. bap-tize, apárt-ment, fús-tian, progrés-sion, obstruc-tion, Egyp tian. The combination of a mute and a liquid consonant at the beginning of a syllable is mostly confined to r: á-pron, propriety, péne-trate, álge-bra, sé-cret, sá-cred, orthography; on the other hand does not combine readily: públic, púb-lish, estáb-lish, neg-lécting, even dec-lamátion; although péo-ple, scrú-ple, sýlla-ble, tri-fle and the like are written. ck is always drawn to the last syllable: póck-et, chick-ens, Cóck-eram; likewise r, even when it occurs in words not compounded: vex-átion, véx-il, proximity. 4) If three consonants separate the vocalization, the last two, if consisting of a mute and a liquid or of two consonants combined at the beginning of stems, are drawn to the following syllable: mem-brane, cúm-brous, dóc-trine, magis-trate, scéptre, hún-dred; búb-bling, cát-tle, mid-dle, swin-dler, sprin-kle, strúg-gle. Yet we usually find, after a nasal n, the consonants kl, gl separated, (except before a single mute e): twink-ling, mingling, eng-lish. But if the two latter consonants are not of the kind above indicated, the former two are drawn to the former syllable: distinc-tion, émp-ty, absórp-tion, presúmp-tive. b) Limitations through etymological considerations. 1) The inflectional and derivational terminations condition divisions of syllables not according with the rules generally valid, especially for steins. «) derivational terminations commencing with a consonant (resting partly upon composition) are always separated, even from prior consonants, as ness, ment, ly &c. 3) on inflectional and derivational terminations beginning with a vowel no perfect agreement prevails; but their separation from the stem ending with a consonant only takes place with terminations felt decidedly as derivational forms. The separation is readily avoided in many cases. The termination ing is unanimously separated from the stem: lead-ing, despóil-ing, búild-ing, learn-ing, add-ing, fall-ing, spell-ing. Double consonants are given to the syllable of the stem, unless they first appear with the termination, else they are usually separated; hence rún-ning, fit-ting, blót-ting &c. Even if the stem ends with a consonant and a mute e, with the rejection of the e, the consonant usually remains to the stem: giv-ing, uniting, háv-ing, móv-ing, appróv-ing, deterg-ing; although many then draw the consonant to the termination: deter-ging, wri-ting; and thus also before other terminations. On twink-ling &c. see above. In substantives in er derived from verbal stems the same thing happens: téach-er, réad-er, hélp-er (yet not with reduplicated consonants: skim- mer; likewise when the stem ends in e wri-ter) and in words in ard: drunk-ard. In the comparative and superlative the er and est are also separated from the stem: great-er, bróad-est, néar-est. The terminations ence and ance are likewise usually separated: réfer-ence, differ-ence, exist-ence, appéarance, acquáint-ance, perfórm-ance; on the other hand excrés-cence and, according to the correct feeling, violence; also age: bánd-age; ary: diction-ary; ure: depárture even displéas-ure. Thus also ity is separated: quálity, chár-ity, regulár-ity. Of verbal terminations en and on: belong here: dark-en, short-en, réck-on; ish and ize are also found separated: pún-ish, aból-ish; cáracterize, géneral-ize; as well as ate: adúlter-ate. The verbal inflection ed is regularly separated: fábricated, demand-ed, demént-ed. Among the adjective terminations we find ish, ical, istic, ian, ent, able, ous and others separated: fóol-ish, crít-ical, character-istic, differ-ent, réason-able, remárkable, resólv-able (even move-able), póison-ous dánger-ous &c. It often depends upon that the syllable of formation is added to a stem universally known (which itself may contain a derivation) which one thinks it is not permitted to deprive of its final consonant. Strict consistency is not observed even by the correctest writers. The separation of the unaccented vowels ia, ie, eo, io and the like, particularly in derivational terminations beginning with s, c, t, as argiláce-ous, sagáci-ous, posséssi-on, conditi-on, is decidedly disapproved. We divide: spécial, intervé-nient, argilla - ceous, relá-tion &c., although also sometimes: provis-ion. 2) Where the composition is present to the linguistic consciousness, the constituents are separated in the division of the syllables, without regard to the above general rules; wherein the nature of the constituents is indifferent: in-active, Éng-land, a-stray, an-other, up-ón, re-stráin, re-spéct, be-twéen, dis-ease, as-certáin, de-stróy, when-éver, shép-herd, béef-eater &c. Yet we find divisions such as ab-stáin, ab-scónded, distilled and the like, through mistaking the constituents, or from the greater case of pronunciation, as divisions in words like penúltimate and others no longer allow the consideration of composition to appear. The word and its accent. The word, as expression of an image, consists, in its simplest form, of one syllable. Polysyllables arise through the junction of syllables of formation to the syllable of the stem (Suffixes), as well as by the conjunction of still recognizable stems, either with or without further syllables of formation. Syllables constituting the simple or compound word, are recognized as the expression of one total image by being comprehended under a principal accent. This is received by one syllable, which is therefore called the accented syllable, the others having a subordinate accent. The monosyllable can, in regard to its accent, be measured only within the sentence; many monosyllables (as the article, pronoun, preposition and auxiliary word) may attach themselves proclitically to the accent of the following word, or enclitically to that of the previous word and are prejudiced not only quantitatively and qualitatively in regard to their vocalization, but also in strength of sound. Words of more than one syllable, and especially polysyllables have a gradation of accent within themselves, and, besides the principal accent, a second, (rarely a third), called the subordinate accent, may come forth. The English tongue, in the accenting of its words, has had various principles to adjust among each other. The principle of accenting the syllable of the stem of the simple word proceeded from the Anglosaxon elements of the language; the Norman-French stock of words established the accenting of the full final syllable; the Latin and Latin-Greek elements, coming in along with the study of the classics, procured admission for the Latin principle; according to which in disyllables the first, in polysyllables, the penultimate or the antepenultimate necessarily has the accent. In general the principle of accenting the syllable of the stem in words of more than one syllable has carried off the victory; the French principle of accenting the final syllable has maintained itself in many cases, as it were, exceptionally; yet the Latin accenting, particularly in the Latin-French forms of words in the modern English has obtained intensively, through the cooperation of philologists. A distinction takes place, however, in certain cases, in the accenting of simple and of compound words, with the Germanic and other constituents of the compound, although many words originally compounds are no longer felt as such. In treating primarily of the accent of the word, as sole or principal accent, we consider first the simple word, and then the compound word, whereupon ensues the exposition of the relation of principal and subordinate accent. A) The Doctrine of the Accent, as principal Accent. 1) The accent of the simple word. a) In general the endeavour is visible in modern English, to give the accent to the syllable of the stem, which, in the simple word, is regularly the first, and to maintain this in the further formation from that word, whence it may happen that the accent recedes to the sixth syllable from the end: discipline, disciplinable, disciplinableness, although a counterpoise is in many cases given to the multitude of unaccented syllables by the subordi nate accent. Instances of this accenting, which has its bound in the limitations specified under b, c, d are offered by all classes of words having derivatives to exhibit: ape, ápish, ápishly, ápishness; apt, áptly, áptness, áptitude; fish, fisher, fishery; dead, déadly, déadliness; change, changeling, changeable, changeably, changeableness; coop, cooper, cooperage; crime, criminal, criminalness, criminous, criminously, criminousness, criminate, criminatory; author, áuthoress, authorize; idol, idolish, idolize, idolizer, idolism, idolist; banish, bánisher, bánishment; castle, castlet, castellan, castellany; alien, álienable, álienate, álienator; cásual, cásualness, casualty; cástigate, cástigator, cástigatory. It is to be remarked, however, that in the accenting of the syllable of the stem in words of three and more syllables, on the one hand the length by position of the penultimate (a mute and a liquid letter not being reckoned) is avoided, and that in the multiplication of the syllables of formation ness, ment, ling, ly, ry, ty and cy beginning with a consonant chiefly make length by position, that a collision of the vowels of the penultimate and the final syllable is likewise avoided, and that polysyllablic words with the accent on the syllable of the stem mostly contain a series of unaccented syllables of a simple consonant and vowel, with the exception of the last. Compare the trisyllables: ánimal, ámorist, ávarice, ánglican, ésculent, origin, númerous, nótary, pénitence, bachelor, boundary, dángerous, changeable, célature, gárgarize; with length by position in the penultimate: bóyishness, púnishment, fósterling, blessedly, blázonry, cruelty, ágency, brígandage, cowardice, bástardize; duellist, scintillate, oscillate; yet also chamberlain and a few others. tetrasyllables: imagery, cemetery, balneary, áuditory, ágrimony, délicacy, alopecy, agitator, literature, créditable, álterative, liberalize, boronetage, cánnibalism, sántuarize; with length by position in the penultimate: actualness, áctually, casualty, cásuistry, brílliancy, árbalister, álabaster and the like. Length by position in previous syllables certainly occurs without influence on the accent: líbertinism, baptistery, miscellany. Words of five and more syllables: disciplinable, disciplinary, balneatory, álterableness, ámiableness, sóciableness, disciplinableness. The terminations ful, less, some, ship, hood and the like, which, properly speaking, form compounds, are always unaccented, and therefore are joined to stems without prejudice to the accent. That, however, in polysyllables the length by position otherwise allowed remains here and there not without import, is shown by forms like argumentative, dócumentary, élementary, in which the originally subordinate receives the place of the principal accent: clandestine, lacértine, elephantine, whereas crystalline, córalline and the like are tolerated. b) But a number of words has the accent upon the last syllable a) Here in the first piace must be mentioned the principle of Dissimilation followed here and there, especially in disyllabic words, which is often considered in compounding, and according to which different parts of speech with a like form of the word are distinguished by the accent. Compare augment substantive, to augment; férment substantive, to ferment; tórment substantive, to torment; fréquent adjective, to frequent; (although cemént, lament appear both as substantives and as verbs fomént only as a verb) bómbard substantive, to bombárd; reversely brevét substantive, to brévet; hallóo Interjection to halloo; lévant adjective levánt substantive; minute substantive, minúte adjective, Aúgust (the month), augúst adjective; gállant adjective, gallant adjective and substantive; súpine substantive, supine adjective, búffet (a blow) buffét a sideboard. B) But a not inconsiderable number of words retains the accent upon this syllable, which was given to it in its French, Latin or other foreign home, and eludes a thorough analogy. Betwixt the originally French or Latin accent a distinction is not often to be drawn, both commonly coinciding. Here belong substantives: basháw; rouleau, bureau, chateau; canóe, bamboo, Hindóo; chagrin, bombasin; nan kéen, cantéen, caréen; champaign, benzóin; artisán, caraván, courtezán; gazón; Brasil, fusil, gazél; chevál, canál, cabál (an English word); contról substantive and verb (properly a compound), mogúl; bazáar, boudoir, abattoir, abreuvoir; accoucheur (a compound), amateur, corridór, amóur, estafét, bidét, buffet, cadét, coquét, curvét, canzonét; cravát, marmót, sabót; glacis, abattis; alcaid, caréss substantive and verb, ma |