tróss. placárd, basált, elénch, bombást, marine, magazine, machine, tontine, chicáne; bastile; caviáre; chemise, caprice, Chinése, finésse, grimace, caboose Hollandish kabuys), accouchéuse, embrasúre, embouchúre: giraffe, alcove, finance, harángue; champagne, allemande and others.

Adjectives of this sort are: benign, malign, acérb, supérb, augúst, rotúnd, extréme, sincére, austére, seréne, terrene, divine, saline, canine, supine, humáne, polite, matúre; the disyllables in úte: minúte, hirsúte, nasúte; alérte and others.

Verbs are rare, as cajóle, caróuse, calcine, baptize, chastise, cornúte (to cúckold), creáte, narráte (according to Smart), posséss (properly a compound). Words with an inorganic e, as esquire, eschew &c., have the accent upon the syllable of the stem, on the other hand not estéem; in obey (ooedio obaudio) the accenting has hardly proceeded from any consciousness of its composition.

7) Other words follow more decidedly a conscious rule, as to which it is to be remarked that the accenting of definite syllables of formation concerns compound, as well as simple words.

1) Names of persons in ee have the accent on the last syllable: bailée, feoffée, debtée, bargainée, devotee, imparsonée. Names of things and abstract nouns form in part exceptions, especially disyllables: cóffee, spóndee, tróchee, cóuchee, levee, committee, júbilee.

2) Names of persons and things in oon: Maróon, buffoon, dragóon; balloon, bassoon, batóon, dublóon, macaroon. 3) Names of persons in eer and ier: muletéer, musketéer, buccanéer also bucanier, voluntéer, engineer; brigadier, financier, cavalier, gondolier. Names of things likewise occur: caréer, chandelier, yet not without exceptions, especially disyllables in ier: pánnier, bárrier, cárrier, even names of persons: coúrtier, cóurier.

4) Abstract and concrete nouns in ade: ambuscáde, promenáde, blockáde, fougáde, cavalcáde, rodomontáde. Exceptions are: ámbassade, (Walker has the accent on the last), ebrillade, mármalade, bálustrade, drágoonade

and others.

5) Words in ette, properly French: étiquette (according to others étiquette), banquette, brunette, gazette, grisette. 6) Adjectives in óse if disyllables: aquóse, moróse, nodóse, rugóse, verbóse, jocóse; a few among polysyllables, as acetóse, armentóse, whereas others accent the syllable of the stem: púlicose, bellicose, váricose, cálculose, corticose &c., having commonly subordinate forms in ous. 7) Words in esque: moresque, burlesque, grotesque, romanésque, picturésque.

Further derivatives from such words retain in general the accent upon the same syllable; compare divíner, cajoler, benignantly, buffoonery &c.; although exceptions also occur, as dragoonade from dragóon (see above).

In the fourteenth century the French accenting of the full final syllable is still very common: thus we ordinarily find in Chaucer honour, humour, licóur, resón, prisón, squiér, burgéis, contré, and in words in the then not always silent e: madáme, natúre, coráge, Turkie, vertúe &c. also in Skelton: queréll, counsell, serpént, mercy, pleasûre, saváge and many others; rarely in Spencer in disyllables such as forést, whereas in polysyllables the last syllable frequently appears under a subordinate accent, as a masculine rhyme: furious, hideóus, dalliáunce, merrimént &c.

c) Many words have the accent on the penultimate.

a) A number of Latin, Greek and Romance words have retained this their original accent and betray their foreignness mostly by their terminations. To these belong again especially substantives, which are often quite foreign to the popular speech: chiméra, coróna, auróra, censura; Greeks words in nua and u: empyéma, glaucóma &c.; banána, cavatina, bravádo, armáda, cantáta, Jacóbus, canáry, anchovy; echinus, papyrus, pomátum, abdómen, legúmen, decórum, cadáver, tribúnal, Jehóvah; Orion, choréous, lyceum, mausoleum, empyréon; ænigma, arbústum, asphaltum, oméntum, involucrum (compounded), colóssus, meánder, novémber, december, Augustins &c. andánte, tobacco; therewith idéa (déa), assassin, champignon, and the Germanic eléven. The Greek words in nois and was always have this accent: mimésis, mathésis, exegésis, narcosis, chlorósis and others. Adjectives have hardly been thus brought over, as sinister (however with a metaphorical meaning sinister), the Italian maestóso aud a few others. Simple verbs of this class are likewise rare, as imágine, altérnate (according to the rule for compounds) fratérnize and many others.

8) But some derivational terminations require regularly this accenting in polysyllables; here belong:

1) nouns in ic, which sound may also be the penultimate: chaldáic, heróic, angélic, dramátic, lacónic, scorbútic, forénsic, anárchic, ecclesiástic &c.

Exceptions are formed by only a few among the great number of nouns: árabic, ársenic (but adjective arsenic), arithmetic, lúnatic, rhétoric, pólitic, phlégmatic, súlphuric, splénetic, héretic (all with an open penultimate).

2) among adjectives in ous a few in or-ous, Latin ōrus: de córous, sonorous, canórous, except de décorous (Latin orus); and those with a penultimate syllable long by position: atraméntous, moménto'us, enormous, inérmous.

3) adjectives in al, when the penultimate is long by position: baptismal, autumnal, eternal, maternal, noctúrnal, oriental, atramental, colóssal &c.; rarely out of position: machinal, vaginal, corónal, sacerdótal, mostly with a regard to the original accented syllable; on the other hand natural, original &c.

4) trisyllables in at-or, which receive the accent on the syllable accented in Latin: equátor, narrátor, testátor, dictátor, spectátor, curátor; yet even here exceptions are found: orator, bárator, sénator; polysyllables, even compounds ones, have only the subordinate accent upon a: älienátor, ambulátor, ädulátor, administrátor, assassinátor, instaurátor.

5) Nouns in ean: Européan, Manichéan, Atlantéan, adamantéan, Augéan, lethéan, Pythagoréan, Sabéan; yet many have the accent upon the antepenultimate, mostly with reference to Latin forms: marmorean, cerúlean, cerbérean, Promethean, Hercúlean, ebúrnean, elý

sean.

6) words in ive always have the accent upon the preceding close syllable. Since this syllable of formation mostly attaches itself immediately to a participial syllable of the stem, no deviation from the first rule takes place here. Moreover most words belonging here are compounds with a close syllable in position: possessive, instructive, offensive &c.; that other monosyllablic stems must also have the same accent is clear: adhésive, collúsive &c.; on the other hand not polysyllablic forms with an open penultimate: pósitive, primitive &c. (see below).

e) a great number of derivatives requires the accent upon the antepenultimate, whether this is the syllable of the stem or not; here belong

1) terminations in which a final syllable beginning with a vowel is preceded by i, e and u. How these proparoxytones are often transformed into paroxytones for pronunciation has been above remarked. Here belong: i-an, i-on, i-ent, i-ence, i-ant, i-ance, i-al, e-al, u-al, i-ar, i-or, i-ad, i-ate, u-ate, i-ast, i-asm, i-ous, e-ous, u-ous, i-ac and others.

ian: elysian, musician, barbárian, censórian, civílian (on ean see above).

ion: opinion, foundation, cessation, quadrillion, batállion, Phocion.

ient, ience: patient, obédient

-

obédience.

iant, iance: brilliant, váliant váliance.

ial, eal, ual,: aérial, arterial, essential; ethereal, corpóreal; habitual, individual.

iar, ior: familiar, auxiliar; inférior, antérior, supérior, postérior.

Matzner, engl. Gr. I.

6

iad: Íliad, Olympiad, mýriad, chiliad.

iate, uate: humiliate, centúriate; habituate.

iast, iasm: enthusiast, encómiast; enthusiasm (properly compounds).

ious, eous, uous: alimónious, licéntious, labórious; erróneous, arbóreous, sanguineous; volúptuous, tumúltuous, conterráneous; yet also spírituous (with a regard to spirit).

iac: elephantiac, demóniac, genéthliacs, clúniac, cárdiac; but not elegiac.

Latin-greek words in ius, a, um, ies, which have been immediately brought over of course retain the accent upon the antepenultimate, whether it is or is not the syllable of the stem, in simple and compound forms: Július, Sírius; Victória, nænia, encénia, ópium; minium, bdéllium, elýsium, allódium, herbárium, millennium, geránium; effigies &c., as well as those in eus, ea: Cadúceus, náusea, especially the Greek words in us, which are resolved into è us: Orpheus, Ótreus, Theseus &c.

2) further, words in which a connecting vowel precedes a termination beginning with a consonant, or a consonant a termination commencing with a vowel. These are, essentially, double suffixes, which are joined to stems or to already suffixed stems. Here belong the terminations of substantives: i-a-sis: proriasis, elephantiasis, pityriasis and other Greek words.

i-ty, e-ty: annúity, ability, antiquity, barbárity, captivity; ebriety, anxiety, variety.

i-tude: beátitude, vicissitude, similitude.

er-y, corresponding to the French in erie: artillery, machinery, chicánery.

ic-ism: fanáticism.

many terminations of adjectives, as ive, al, ar and ous, which are preceded by another termination consisting of a simple vowel and consonant.

it-, at-, ut-, ive, yet not without important exceptions, and mostly only in polysyllables and words compounded of prefixes: pósitive, primitive, infinitive, acquisitive; négative, talkative; diminutive; otherwise in compound notional words: legislative, locomotive, and even imáginative and emanátive.

im-, in-, ic-, ac-al: millésimal; original; elénchical, babylonical, cylindrical; demoniacal; but cardiacal. ul-, c-ul-ar: triángular, articular, navícular, canícular.

in-, it-, at-, ic-, er-, or-, ul-, c-ul-ous, generally those with an open penultimate: lúminous, résinous, bombycinous, abdominous; fortuitous, calamitous; exanthematous; véntricous, váricous; slánderous, cadáverous;

vigorous (on órous see p. 78), vénturous; fábulous, ventrículous, miráculous &c.; except desirous.

o-, u-leut: sómnolent, córpulent, cinérulent.

The adjective and verbal termination ate, which, especially in compounds, does not readily permit the accenting of the penultimate, (see below) therefore throws it on the prefix, has also in simple words the accent upon the antepenultimate, if ate is added to another syllable of formation, hence especially in the forms: im-, it-, ic-, ul-, c-ul-ate: legitimate, capacitate, domésticate, acídulate, capítulate, artículate.

2) The accent of the compound word.

Compounding is in English of a twofold kind. The elements of the compound are either present in English, whether they are of Germanic or of Romance origin, or, the compound has been transferred and partly even imitated from other tongues. The former, although hybrid (consisting of Germanic and other elements) are nevertheless to be regarded as genuine English, the others to be distinguished from them as foreign compounds.

a) The compounding of nouns and verbs among and with each other.

a) English compounds are distinguished from those of other Germanic tongues in regard to the accent in this; that not in every compound, even of notional words, a subordinate goes along with the principal accent, but the word rather receives by its accentuation, the character of a simple word unless the weight of its greater number of syllables demands a decided subordinate accent, on which account we may here in general disregard the latter.

Yet the accented words ordinarily retain their quantity, although exceptions occur, as shepherd, vineyard &c.

On the whole, in the classes of words here considered the rule prevails to accent the first constituent, as the determining word:

Substantives: bówstring, bóatswain, daylight, séaserpent, chambermaid, handkerchief; gentlemen, gentlewoman, broadsword, bláckbird, first-fruits; ambs-ace, állheal (plant), állspice, álnight, brewhouse, draw well.

Adjectives: awful, careful, cáuseless (these terminations are treated precisely like syllables of derivation); bárefaced, brówbeat, créstfallen, éarthly-minded; fourforted, fivefold.

Numerals: fourteen, fifteen; yet these lean to the accenting of the last syllable, and the Ordinals: thirteenth, fifteenth &c. are chiefly accented upon the last by orthoepists.

Pronouns form partly an exception: thus myself, him