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authority enough to preserve the peace, and put an end to outrage and disorder. The noble duke had certainly been mistaken in supposing that chief justice Holt had been the magistrate who quitted the bench to suppress the riot, when the meeting-houses were pulled down. In the first place, it was impossible, because Mr. Justice Holt had been in his grave some years. 2dly, because the riot occasioned by the mobs proceeding to pull down the meeting-houses was not quelled without the interference of the military; and lastly, because several of the rioters were tried and convicted for their conduct on that occasion.-He was very far from meaning to impute a similarity of sentiment between the noble marquis, the noble duke, and certain persons without doors, but he had read an account of the proceedings of a meeting held in a field near Copenhagen house, where many inflammatory harangues were addressed to the passions of the lower order of the people, and seditious papers and hand-bills circulated, which had obviously produced that degree of impression on ignorant and uninformed minds, to which the scandalous outrages in Westminster, yesterday, were to be attributed. In that account, it was not a little singular, that the three matters stated by the noble duke, and the noble marquis, in the course of the debate, had been discussed and much insisted upon. He was sure the noble duke and noble marquis did not mean to lend the weight of their rank and character to sanction the arguments of such a meeting; it was, therefore, much to be lamented, that it should have happened, that the doctrines of the political demagogues to whom he alluded, should have received, even accidentally, the countenance of so august and dignified an assembly as the House. The bad consequences of such meetings as that held lately in the fields near Islington, were so obvious, that it would be unnecessary for him to dwell upon them; it was enough to mention the absurdity of men haranguing about the decay of the national wealth in a situation in which they could not turn their heads round without seeing a rising village on every side of them, and dealing out phillippics on the subject of the general distress of the kingdom,under the very smoke of the brick kilns that were burning in order to furnish materials for the erection of new villages. His lordship said, he had the satisfac

tion to know that he was speaking at that moment in a British House of Lords, an assembly which it had, by a certain des. cription of persons, been long since asserted, would not at that time be in existence. If the principles that the French had made it their boast to propagate throughout Europe, had not been early and effectually resisted, the privileges of every one of their lordships might ere this have been at an end, and Great Britain might have been made a scene of the same desolation and ruin that France had for some time presented. The fatal effects of building up government upon wild and idle theories had, by the example of the French been sufficiently shown; and he hoped it would serve as a useful lesson to posterity. In France we had seen what was termed the system of terror prevail in all its horrors. Faction had succeeded faction, and men, the most violent enemies to each other, by the convulsion of parties had on the sudden found themselves destined to death together, and met upon the same scaffold to expiate their perhaps equal, but differently directed crimes. Thus tyranny succeeded tyranny, and one despot and his partizans hastily followed another to their fate. These were the blessed effects of systems of government founded on what was called equality and the rights of man. The noble duke's amendment seemed to him to be highly objectionable, on account of the embarrassment it would create in the way of negociation for peace.

The Duke of Norfolk supported the amendment, because it distinctly said, that if the French would not agree to fair terms of peace, they would support the crown in carrying on the war. He owned the declaration of ministers that day, did not make the amendment so necessary as it would otherwise have been. He reminded the learned lord, that the French Revolution had originated not with the people, but with the government, in consequence of their extravagance and waste a thing which ought to be a warning to all governments.

The Duke of Bedford said, that after the indulgence he had received, he would not animadvert on the various topics of the debate. The declaration of his majesty was not sufficiently precise; but that of the secretary of state that night, if he had taken down his words correctly, would satisfy him, and he should withdraw his amendment, if he understood the noble

lord agreed to them. His words were"That in case the constitution now of fered to the people of France, and perhaps now adopted. should be found likely to establish itself in such a form as should secure a government likely to preserve the relations of peace and amity, his objections to treat with them would be entirely removed."

them and their respective monarchies, have thought that nothing would more effectually contribute to this salutary end than the conclusion of a treaty of defensive alliance, conforthwith, and which should have for basis the cerning which they should occupy themselves stipulations of similar treaties which have already been heretofore concluded, and have made the objects of the most intimate union between the two empires. For this purpose Lord Grenville said, he never would their said majesties have named for their plehold ambiguous language or deny what nipotentiaries, that is to say, his Britannic he had said in that House, he would majesty, the Sieur Charles Whitworth, his therefore repeat his assertion, (which his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to her imperial majesty of all the Ruslordship did); but to attempt to make thesias, knight of the order of the Bath; and words of an individual peer in the debate, her imperial majesty of all the Russias, the not taken down at the time, a ground of Sieur John Count Österman, her vice chaneither making or withdrawing any motion, cellor, actual privy councillor, senator and was so unparliamentary, that he would knight of the orders of St. Andrew, of St. not consent to be placed in such a situa- Alexander Newsky, Great Cross of that of St. tion. Vladimir of the first class of St. Anne; the

The Amendment was then withdrawn, and the Address agreed to.

The King's Answer to the Lords Address.] To the Address of the Lords his majesty returned this answer,

My Lords;-I receive with the greatest pleasure this very loyal and dutiful address. The sense which you entertain of the present situation and prospect of affairs, and the assurances you give me of your support in that line of conduct which I have judged it necessary to pursue, must produce the best effects with a view to either of the alternatives to which the present crisis may lead. My exertions shall be unremittingly employed to maintain the honour and essential interest of my kingdoms, and promote the welfare and prosperity of my people."

Copies of the Treaties with Russia; the Emperor of Germany; and America.] Nov. 3. Mr. secretary Dundas presented Copies of the Treaties of Defensive Alliance with Russia, and the Emperor of Germany, and the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with the United States of America of which the following are translations:

Treaty of Defensive Alliance between His Britannic Majesty and the Empress of Russia. Signed at St. Petersburgh, the 18th of February, 1795.

In the name of the Most Holy Trinity ;His Britannic Majesty, and Her Majesty the Empress of all the Russias, animated with a desire equally sincere to strengthen more and more the ties of friendship and good understanding which so happily subsist between

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Sieur Alexander count of Bezborodko, her great master of the court, actual privy_councillor, director general of the posts, and knight of the orders of St. Andrew, of St. Alexander Newsky, and Great Cross of that of St. Vladimir of the first class; and the Sieur Arcadi de Morcoff, privy councillor, member of the college of foreign affairs, knight of the order of St. Alexander Newsky, and Great Cross of that of St. Vladimir of the first class : full powers, found to be in good and due form, Who after having mutually exchanged their have agreed upon the following articles:

ART 1. There shall be a sincere and constant friendship between his Britannic majesty and her majesty the empress of all the Russias, their heirs and successors, and, in consequence of this intimate union, the high contracting parties shall have nothing more strongly at heart than to promote by all possible means their mutual interests, to avert from each other whatever might cause them any injury, damage or prejudice, and to maintain themselves reciprocally in the undisturbed possession of their dominions, rights, commerce and prerogatives whatsoever, by guaranteeing reciprocally for this purpose all their countries, dominions, and possessions, as well such as they actually possess, as those which they may require by treaty.

ART. 2. If notwithstanding the efforts which they shall employ by common consent in or der to obtain this end, it should nevertheless happen that one of them should be attacked by sea or land, the other shall furnish him, the succours stipulated by the following arimmediately on the requisition being made, ticles of this treaty.

ART. 3. His Britannic majesty and her imperial majesty of all the Russias, declare, however, that in contracting the present alliance, their intention is by no means to give offence thereby, or to injure any one, but that their sole intention is to provide by these engage.. ments for their reciprocal advantage and se

'curity, as well as for the re-establishment of peace, and for the maintenance of the general tranquillity of Europe, and above all that of the North.

ART. 4. As the two high contracting parties profess the same desire to render to each other their mutual succours as advantageous as possible, and as the natural force of Russia consists in land troops, whilst Great Britain can principally furnish ships of war, it is agreed upon, that if his Britannic majesty should be attacked or disturbed by any other power, and in whatever manner it might be, in the possession of his dominions and provinces, so that he should think it necessary to require the assistance of his ally, her imperial majesty of all the Russias shall send him immediately 10,000 infantry and 2,000 horse. If, on the other hand, her imperial majesty of all the Russias should find herself attacked or disturbed by any other power, and in whatever manner it my be, in the possession of her dominions and provinces, so that she should think it necessary to require the assistance of her ally, his Britannic majesty shall send her forthwith a squadron of twelve ships of war and of the line, carrying 708 guns, according to the following list; two ships of 74 guns, making together 148 guns, and the crews 960 men; six ships of 60 guns, making 360 guns, and the crews 2,400 men; four ships of 50 guns, making 200 guns, and the crews 1,200 men. In the whole twelve ships, 708 guns, and the crews 4,560 men. This squadron shall be properly equipped and armed for war. These succours shall be respectively sent to the places which shall be specified by the requiring party, and shall remain at his free disposal as long as hostilities shall last.

ART. 5. But if the nature of the attack were such, as that the party attacked should not find it to his interest to demand the effective succours, such as they have been stipulated for in the preceding article, in that case the two high contracting powers have resolved to change the said succour into a pecuniary subsidy; that is to say, if his Britannic majesty should be attacked, and should prefer pecuniary succours, her imperial majesty of all the Russias, after the requisition having been previously made, shall pay to him the sum of five hundred thousand roubles yearly, during the continuance of hostilities, to assist him to support the expenses of the war; and if her imperial majesty of all the Russias should be attacked, and should prefer pecuniary succours, his Britannic majesty shall furnish her with the same sum yearly, as long as hostilities shall last.

ART. 6. If the party required, after having furnished the succour stipulated in the fourth article of this treaty, should be himself at tacked, so as to put him thereby under the necessity of recalling his troops for his own safety he shall be at liberty to do so, after having informed the requiring party thereof two months beforehand. In like manner, if [VOL. XXXII.]

the party required were himself at war at the time of the requisition, so that he should be obliged to retain near himself, for his own proper security and defence, the forces which he is bound to furnish to his ally in virtue of this treaty? in such case the party required shall be dispensed from furnishig the said succour so long as the said necessity shall last.

ART. 7. The Russian auxiliary troops shall be provided with field artillery, ammunition, and every thing of which they may stand in need in proportion to their number. They shall be paid and recruited annually by the requiring court. With regard to the ordinary rations and portions of provisions and forage, as well as quarters, they shall be furnished to them by the requiring court, the whole on the footing upon which his own troops are or shall be maintained in the field or in quarters.

ART. 8. In case the said Russian auxiliary troops required by his Britannic majesty should be obliged to march by land, and to traverse the dominions of any other powers, his Britannic majesty shall use his endeavours jointly with her imperial majesty of all the Russias to obtain for them a free passage, and shall supply them on their march with the necessary provisions and forage in the manner stipulated in the preceding article; and when they shall have to cross the sea, his Britannic majesty shall take upon himself either to transport them in his own ships, or to defray the expenses of their passage; the same is also to be understood as well with regard to the recruits which her imperial majesty will be obliged to send to her troops, as respecting their return to Russia whenever they shall either be sent back by his Britannic majesty, or recalled by her imperial majesty of all the Russias for her own defence, according to article 6, of this treaty. It is further agreed upon, that, in case of recalling or sending back the said troops, an adequate convoy of ships of war shall escort them for their security,

ART. 9. The commanding officer, whether of the auxiliary troops of her imperial majesty of all the Russias, or of the squadron which his Briannic majesty is to furnish Russia with, shall keep the command which has been intrusted to him; but the command in chief shall belong most certainly to him whom the requiring party shall appoint for that purpose under the restriction, however, that nothing of importance shall be undertaken that shall not have been before-hand regulated and determined upon in a council of war, in the presence of the general and commanding officers of the party required.

ART. 10. And, in order to prevent all disputes about rank, the requiring party shall give due notice of the officer to whom he will give the command in chief, whether of a fleet or of land forces; to the end that the party required may regulate in consequence the rank of him who shall have to command the auxiliary troops or ships.

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ART. 11. Moreover, these auxiliary forces shall have their own chaplains, and the entirely free exercise of their religion, and shal! not be judged in whatever appertains to military service, otherwise than according to the laws and articles of war of their own sovereign. It shall likewise be permitted for the general and the rest of the auxiliary forces to keep up a free correspondence with their country, as well by letters as expresses.

ART. 12. The auxiliary forces on both sides shall be kept together as much as possible; and in order to avoid their being subjected to greater fatigue than the others, and to the end that there may be in every expedition and operation a perfect equality, the commander in chief shall be bound to observe on every occasion a just proportion, according to the force of the whole fleet or army.

ART. 13. The squadron which his Britannic majesty is to furnish by virtue of this alliance shall be admitted into all the ports of her imperial majesty of all the Russias, where it shall experience the most amicable treatment, and shall be provided with every thing which it may stand in need of, on paying the same price as the ships of her imperial majesty of all the Russias; and the said squadron shall be allowed to return every year to the ports of Great Britain as soon as the season will no longer permit it to keep the sea; but it is formaily and from this time forward stipulated, that this squadron shall return every year to the Baltic sea about the beginning of the month of May, not to quit it again before the month of October, and that as often as the exigency of the treaty shall require it.

ART. 14. The requiring party, in claiming the succours stipulated by this treaty, shall point out at the same time to the required party, the place where he shall wish that it may, in the first instance, repair; and the said requiring party shall be at liberty to make use of the said succour during the whole time it shall be continued to him, in such manner and at such places as he shall judge to be most suitable for his service against the aggressor.

ART. 15. The conditions of this treaty of alliance shall not be applicable to the wars which may arise between her imperial majesty of all the Russias and the powers and people of Asia, respecting whom his Britannic majesty shall be dispensed with from furnishing the succours stipulated by the present treaty; excepting in the case of an attack made by any European power against the rights and possessions of her imperial majesty in whatever part of the world it may be. As also on the other hand her imperial majesty of all the Russias shall not be bound to furnish the succours stipulated by this same treaty in any case whatever, excepting that of an attack made by any European power against the rights and possessions of his Britannic majesty in whatever part of the world it may be.

ART. 16. It has been in like manner agreed

upon, that, considering the great distance of places the troops which her imperial majesty of all the Russias will have to furnish by virtue of this alliance, for the defence of his Britannic majesty, shall not be sent to Spain, Portugal or Italy, and still less out of Europe.

ART. 17. If the succours stipulated in the 4th article of this treaty should not be sufficient, in that case the contracting parties reserve to themselves to make a further provision between themselves with respect to the additional succours which they should give to each other.

ART. 18. The requiring party shall make neither peace nor truce with the common enemy, without including the required party, to the end that the latter may not suffer any injury in consequence of the succours he shall have given to his ally.

ART. 19. The present defensive alliance shall in no way derogate from the treaties and alliances which the high contracting parties may have with other powers, inasmuch as the said treaties shall not be contrary to this, nor to the friendship and good understanding which they are resolved constantly to keep up between them.

ART. 20. If any other power would accede to this present alliance, their said majesties have agreed to concert together upon the admission of such power.

ART. 21. The two high contracting parties, desiring mutually and with eagerness to strengthen and consolidate as much as possible the friendship and union already happily subsisting between them, and to protect and extend the commerce between their respective subjects, promise to proceed, without delay, to the forming of a definitive arrangement of commerce.

ART. 22. As circumstances may make it necessary to make some change in the clauses of the present treaty, the high contracting parties have thought proper to fix the duration of it to eight years, counting from the day of exchanging the ratification; but before the expiration of the eighth year, it shall be renewed according to existing circumstances.

ART. 23. The present treaty of alliance shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged here, in the space of two months, or sooner if it can be done.

In witness whereof the above-mentioned ministers plenipotentiary on both sides have signed the present treaty, and have thereunto affixed the seal of their arms. Done at St. Petersburgh, this 7-18th of February, 1795. (L. S.) CTE JEAN D'OSTERMAN. (L. S.) ALEXANDER CTE DE BEZ

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state of actual possession, and according to the state of possession which shall exist at the above-mentioned epoch.

the King of Great Britain, being desirous to renew and to cement the ancient relations of friendship and intimacy between their crowns and their respective dominions, as well as to provide, in a solid and permanent manner, for their future safety, and for the general tranquillity of Europe, have determined in consequence of these salutary views, to proceed to the conclusion of a new treaty of alliance; and they have nominated for that purpose, viz. his majesty the emperor his actual privy councillor and minister for foreign affairs, baron de Thugut, commander of the order of St. Stephen, and his majesty the king of Great Britain, sir Morton Eden, one of his majesty's privy councillors, knight of the bath, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of his said majesty at the court of Vienna; who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles:

ART. 1. There shall be between his imperial majesty and his Britannic majesty, their heirs and successors, and between all the respective dominions, provinces, and subjects of their said majesties, a perfect and sincere good understanding, friendship, and defensive alliance. The high contracting parties shall use all their endeavours for the maintenance of their common interests, and shall employ all the means in their power to defend and guaranty each other mutually against every hostile aggression.

ART. 2. The high contracting parties shall act in perfect concert in every thing which relates to the re-establishment and to the maintenance of general peace; and they shall employ all their efforts to prevent, by the means of friendly negociation, the attacks with which they may be threatened, either separately or conjointly.

ART. 3. In case either of the high contracting parties should be attacked, molested, or disturbed in the possession of its dominions, territories or cities whatsoever, or in the exercise of its rights, liberties, or franchises wheresoever, and without any exception, the other will exert all its endeavours to succour its ally without delay, and in the manner hereinafter mentioned.

ART. 4. Their Imperial and Britannic majesties reciprocally guaranty to each other, and in the most express manner, all their dominions, territories, cities, rights, liberties, and franchises whatsoever, such as they at present possess, and such as they shall possess, at the conclusion of a general peace, made by their common agreement and consent, in conformity to their mutual engagements in that respect in the convention of the 30th of August 1793. And the case of this defensive alliance shall exist from the moment whenever either of the high contracting parties shall be disturbed, molested, or disquieted in the peaceable enjoyment of its dominions, territories, cities, rights, liberties or franchises whatsoever, according to the

ART. 5. The succours to be mutually furnished, in virtue of this treaty, shall consist in 20,000 infantry, and 6,000 cavalry, which shall be furnished in the space of two months after requisition made by the party attacked, and shall continue to be at its disposition during the whole course of the war in which it shall be engaged. These succours shall be paid and maintained by the power required, wherever its ally shall employ them; but the power requiring shall provide them with the necessary bread and forage upon the same footing with its own troops.-If the party requiring prefers, it may demand the succours to be furnished in money; and in that case the succours shall be computed at the following rate, that is to say; 10,000 Dutch florins per month for every thousand infantry, and 30,000 Dutch florins per month for every thousand cavalry. And this money shall be paid monthly, in equal portions, throughout the whole year.-If these succours should not suffice for the defence of the power requiring, the other party shall augment them according as the occasion shall require, and shall even succour its ally with its whole force, if the circumstances should render it necessary.

ART. 6. It is agreed that in consideration of the intimate alliance, established by this treaty between the two crowns, neither the one nor the other of the high contracting parties shall permit the vessels or merchandize belonging to its ally, or to the people or subjects of its ally, and which shall have been taken at sea by any ships of war or privateers whatsoever, belonging to enemies or rebels, to be brought into its harbours; nor any ship of war or privateer to be therein armed in any case or under any pretext whatsoever, in order to cruize against the ships and property of such ally, or of his subjects; nor that there be conveyed by its subjects, or in their ships, to the enemies of its ally, any provisions, or military or naval stores. For these ends, as often as it shall be required by either of the allies, the other shall be bound to renew express prohibitions, ordering all persons to conform themselves to this article, upon pain of exemplary punishment, in addition to the full restitution and satisfaction to be made to the injured parties.

ART. 7. If, notwithstanding the prohibitions and penalties above-mentioned, any vessels of enemies or rebels should bring into the ports of either of the high contracting parties any prizes taken from the other, or from its subjects, the former shall oblige them to quit its ports in the space of twenty-four hours after their arrival, upon pain of seizure and confiscation; and the crews and passengers, or other prisoners, subjects of its ally, who shall have been brought into the said ports, shall, immediately after their arrival,

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