SUMMARIES OF FOREIGN REVIEWS.

DEUTSCHE RUNDSCHAU (June).-It would perhaps be difficult to mention an historical, character in modern times, who has been the subject of such contradictory judgments as those which have been passed on the Galician peasant Jacob-or James-Szela, landed proprietor in Smarzowa, in the district of Tarnower. Whilst some consider him a leader, others look upon him as a seducer of the people. The former behold in him a model of admirable loyalty,' the latter a robber and an incendiary. Even his age at the time of his appearance in 1846-a year so important and so unfortunate for Galicia-- is the subject of controversy. This remarkable man is the subject of a sketch by Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach. -On the 22nd of March, the anniversary of the Emperor of Germany's birthday, Professor Ernst Curtius was appointed to deliver the obligatory loyal discourse in the hall of the Friederich-Wilhelm University, in Berlin. It is reproduced as an article on 'The Greeks as Master of Colonization.' That an essay by such a master of the subject is eminently interesting and instructive needs no mention. Whether the subject and the occasion were quite fitted for each other, and whether the reference to Germany is quite apt is a question which we are not called upon to consider.-The substance of Herr Karl Theodor von Inama-Sternegg's paper on National Riches' is contained in his own conclusion: That which mercantilism had only a vague idea of, which physiocracy recognized with reference to the soil merely, and which Adam Smith himself gave expression to in a general and indefinite way only, we are now able to formulate with perfect precision: No people will ever become rich except through the accomplishment of something special, through the progress which it makes in the service of the community of nations.' The double, or even treble application of what follows is not obscure: 'No commercial policy, be it ever so cunning, no natural advantages, be they ever so great, can create such sources of wealth as an energetic and pushing, a mentally fresh and educated, an economical and strictly moral people bears within itself,'-Baron von Richthofen closes the sketch of his official career, and 'A German Officer' gives us the last instalment but one of his somewhat longwinded but not uninteresting narrative.-Translations seem in favour. 'Poison,' -the slightly sensational title of a story which, however, shows no sign of sensationalism, so far as it has yet gone-is a translation from the Norwegian, the author being Alexander L. Kielland.

DEUTSCHE RUNDSCHAU (July). After the continuation of the running tale, 'Gift,' Professor G. Hirschfeld relates his travelling experiences during an 'Excursion into the North of Asia Minor.'-The closing chapters of 'Aus zwei annectirten Ländern'-the narrative of which we have so frequently made mention-contains an excellent and striking account of the fatal victory or victorious defeat of Langensalza.-The age of stone was followed by the age of brouze, the age of bronze was succeeded by the age of iron, and now the age of iron is about to make place to an age of steel. On the strength of this metallur gic prophecy Herr Hermann Kranichfeld contributes a technical article on the history, the manufacture, and the advantages of steel.-Madagascar supplies materials for a geographical, historical and even slightly political article, by Herr Gerhard Rohlfs, the occasion for it being, of course, the late embassy to Berlin. As interesting scraps of information we may note that in Madagascar 60,000 of the population are able to read, that there are two periodicals, Teny Soa, or Good Words, with 1200 subscribers, and The Children's Friend with a circulation of 800. The political organs are The Madagascar Times published in three languages, and La Cloche, published in French, and boasting of 70 readers.

THEOLOGISCHE STUDIEN UND KRITIKEN (Viertes Heft), 1883.-The approaching celebration, for which all Protestant Europe, ali Protestant Christendom, is preparing, of the fourth centenary of Luther's birth, is giving already to alt questions bearing on the Reformation a very prominent and special interest,

more particularly, of course, in Germany. Almost every periodical there is now appearing with, and giving the place of honour to, articles dealing with some aspect or another of that great event in the religious and political history of the country, and the printing presses everywhere are busy at work with brochures and books of both moderate and immoderate size and pretension on the Monk of Wittemberg, or some of his associates in the work of reform, or on the work itself, its causes and results. Under the circumstances this is just what might have been expected, and it is well that advantage should be taken of the fourth centenary of the great leader's birth to remind the present generation of what great things were done for us in those days, for, in the pressure of modern life, and in the marvel and pride of modern discovery, we are apt to forget the debt we owe to our fathers through whose brave deeds and heroic sufferings it is, to a very large extent at least, due that we are what we are and can accomplish what now we do. The Studien und Kritiken is not behind in this timely and laudable effort to revive the interest of its readers in the Reformation, and minister subjet matter to them for profitable reflection in connection with it. The chief pl. ce in this number is given to Professor H. Hering of the University of Halle, who gives us here the first section of what promises to be a very exhaustive and valuable essay on the charitable institutions of the church, -on the part played by those of the pre-reformed church in preparing that condition of things which led to the Reformation, and the effect which the Reformation had on the charitable activity of the churches in Germany after it. This first paper is taken up with the ecclesiastical organizations in the German towns and provinces prior to the sixteenth century, especially those originating after the preaching of the first crusade. They are treated pretty much in their historical order, the circumstances under which they severally took their rise being incidentally pointed out and the general nature of their constitution or governing rules described. The good they did is gratefully recorded while the evil effects of their ever increasing number and eventual general maladministration are set forth with an unsparing hand. The influences of these alms-houses, convent-gate charities, leper hospitals, foundling, orphan and widow refuges, begging licences, and so forth, in sapping the moral strength of the industrial, social, political and religious life of the people, and so preparing a state of matters that loudly called for reform, and ensured its success when undertaken, are exhibited here with masterly force and graphic power. The article betrays wide and accurate acquaintance with a somewhat obscure chapter of social and religious history, and will be read with pleasure and profit by historical students of all shades of opinion. It cannot but contribute, we think, to the right estimation of a toomuch overlooked factor in the work of reform in the 16th century. Pfarrer Usteri follows up his previous contributions to S.u.K. on the Reformers' opinions as to the sacraments, especially Baptism, by an account of Bullinger's teaching on the subject, as taken from his commentaries on Scripture and his letters. Professor Kleinart of Berlin discusses the question, 'Are extra hebraic influences to be recognized in Koheleth?' His paper is more or less of a review of recent publications on Ecclesiastes, especially the works of Tyler, Plumptre and Renan. He endeavours to show how these writers have exaggerated the supposed influences of Greek and Alexandrian philosophy, and have mistaken seeming coincidences of expression for substantial unity of conception and identity of source. He does not deny, however, that the writer was to some extent affected by his Alexandrian surroundings, but claims for his work a truly Jewish authorship, and maintains that in thought, and especially in its religious philosophy, it is almost entirely Hebraic. Professor Kleinart still adheres to his view, published in 1864, that the place of its composition was Alexandria. Dr. W. Schmidt of Curtow has here an interesting little monograph on the significance of the Talents in the Parable, Matthew xxv., 14-30. Two reviews follow, first a review of Dr. Orelli's fifth volume on Old Testament Prophecy, and, second, a review of Professor Reuss' recent work on the history of the Old Testament Scriptures. The first work is of a thoroughly orthodox character, the second belongs to the 'advanced' order of modern critical works, and is yet pretty generally regarded as heterodox. That Studien und Kritiken shon'd open its pages to so appreciative an estimate of the venerable Strasburg profes

sor's views (and not merely of the literary merits of his book) is one of the signs of the times, and may be taken as auguring well for their future progress in critical circles, even the most cautious.

PREUSSISCHE JAHRBUCHER (June). The inhabitants of Europe in pre-historic times form the subject of a paper which Herr Moritz Alsberg contributes, and the materials for which he has drawn from Geikie's Pre-historic Europe.' It has no pretensions to independent research, but it describes in attractive form the mode of life of paleolithic man, and reconstructs the landscape in which he moved. It explains from what data we are able to judge of the conditions of climate to which he was subject, and from what remains we deduce our knowledge of the other animals which inhabited the earth during the long centuries of the quaternary age.-The relations between Prussia and France from 1795 to 1807 are pretty well known to those who have any acquaintance with the history of Europe during this eventful period. Those who have not will read with benefit Herr Christian Meyer's essay on the subject.—It is the fashion to give great men an 'apprenticeship.' Not to speak of others, we lately had to do with Bismarck's, now we have Cavour's. Apart from the title, to which, after all, there can be no serious objection, Herr Lang's biographical sketch of the great Italian statesman, founded on the letters published within the last few months, is excellent reading. The extracts from Cavour's correspondence are judiciously chosen and seldom introduced without effect. Indeed, this applies no less truly to those passages which record the opinions of Cavour's contemporaries. As an orator, for example, he is thus described in a quotation from Angelo Brosserio: 'His stoutness, his common appearance, his unrefined manner, his disagreeable voice were prejudicial to him. He had no trace of a liberal education, philosophy and the arts were perfect strangers to him, there was no atom of poetry in his heart, his knowledge was very slight, the words that rose to his lips were those of a rude dialect, so great and so numerous were the mistakes which he made that it would have been a hopeless undertaking to put him on good terms with the Italian dictionary.'-The erection of the statues of Alexander and William von Humboldt in front of the Royal University of Berlin has given Herr Herman Grimm a favourable opportunity of recalling their high merits and of making them the subjects of a well-deserved eulogy. The editor's political article deals with The Church-law on the 5th of June.'

PREUSSISCHE JAHRBUCHER (July). In a review of Herr Max Lehmann's publication of State Papers, Herr Fechner traces the history of the connection between Prussia and the Catholic Church since 1640. After Holland, Prussia' was the first State which not only tolerated the three christian sects to which its subjects belonged, the Catholic, the Reformed and the Lutheran, but also recognised them as possessing equal rights. With the exception of the difficulties to which the annexation of Silesia gave rise, Prussia had enjoyed some two hundred years of religious peace when the present troubles came upon her. From this it ray be judged that this chapter of politico-ecclesiastical history may be read with profit at the present day.—In a paper on The Revolt of the Netherlands and Ultramontane Historians,' Herr Wenzelburger exposes the manner in which history is written to suit sectarian purposes. For us, who can fall back upon Motley's famous work, the prejudice and the inaccuracies of Nuyens or Holzwarth are of comparatively slight importance.-A paper, chiefly statistical, on 'German Settlements in Countries out of Europe,' shows the importance numerically and commercially of the German population in America, Australia, and various parts of the East. It is stated that in the United States alone the German element is represented by over eight millions.-Besides the political correspondence and the usual notices, there is an article by Herr von Lüdinghausen Wolff: 'Drei Stufen in der Welterkenntniss.'

NUOVA ANTOLOGIA (June 1st).-The first place is given to an article by Signor Antonio Gandolfi, on 'Garibaldi, considered as a Soldier,' in which the author mentions the difference of opinion on the subject existing in Germany and France. Signor Gandolfi, by careful argument, and review of the facts of

Garibaldi's military career, proves that Garibaldi's personality is a subject worthy of study both by philosophers and military men; and that a first place among the noblest of the earth should be given to Garibaldi by Italians, because of the almost exclusive preference which he gave to the moral element in his mode of making war, a preference which gives special importance to his military genius at a time when the spiritual side of the moral life is evidently suffocated by elements and sentiments of a totally opposite kind. Signor Bonghi writes on the Duc de Broglie's Frédéric et Marie Thérese, and, without much previous criticism, closes by saying that the author in his book shows that the work of Frederick, in all the period described, was commenced with violence, prosecuted with duplicity, and ended with deceit. In fact,' says Bonghi, it seems impossible to judge Frederick's policy otherwise, from the documents laid before us, and specially from the King's political correspondence, were it not that, according to Frederick himself, who had written the AntiMachiavelli, violence, duplicity, and deceit become necessities when no other means are left to accomplish what seems politically, just and legitimate. The fact that Frederick 'saw into the heart of the things' was sufficient to justify his actions in the eyes of his defender Carlyle, just as it will suffice to absolve from all political guilt other heroes, for example, Mahomet, Luther or Cromwell. The work of which Frederick II. laid the first stone is now completed. If there was something odious and immoral in the commencement of this great work, so much the worse for the history which allowed it to be performed. Continuing his articles on Polar Ice,' Father Stoppani masses together many interesting arguments in favour of the hypothesis in which he firmly believes, that is, the existence of an open sea, or at least an archipelago of small islands, at the North Pole, and of a large continent, twice the size of Australia at the South Pole; a continent which, as has been the case till now, will perhaps remain a mystery for ever. The story Tornato al Secolo' ends without having been able to excite much interest. Signor C. Baer closes his articles on Reform of the Commercial and Provincial Laws' with a long paper on the Provincial Administrative Commissions.' The Musical Review notices the performance in Italy of Wagner's great work, and the proceedings of the Roman Musical Society. The Political Review speaks of the ministerial crisis in Italy, Count Moltke's journey – ridiculing the suspicions of the French, the French in Tonquin and the Czar's coronation. The second number for this month (June 15), opens with the first part of a tarly but discriminative critical article on "The Life and Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The writer mentions the 'Skeleton in Armour' as one of the best ballads ever written, not so perfect as Goethe's Erl-König, but quite equal to Burger's Leonora. incidentally we learn that two translations in Italian have been made of 'Evangeline.' The author considers that everything is wanting to make The Golden Legend' a drama, except the dialogue and division into scenes. 'Hiawatha,' which has been compared to the Edda, cannot claim to be a national poem; though the poem is deliciously melodious, the characters therein are too fantastic and unhuman for their actions to move our feelings. It is an Indian and Pagan world animated with Anglo-Saxon and Christian thoughts and sentiments, and is therefore not true, and does not attract. The next article, Raphael at Rome under Pope Julius II.,' is a sequel to other articles published in 1880, 1881, an describes the twelve most glorious years of Raphael's life, correcting some mistakes in other biographies of the great painter. Signor E. Galloni gives a detailed account of the inundations in Italy, in 1882. A new story, 'The Regaldina,' by Neera, attracts attention at once by its clever delineation of character, and local colouring, which places the scenes entioned vividly before the imagination.-A long statistical article on Italy's merce and colonies, by Signor A. Gallenga, argues that it is no evil for Italy that she has few or no colonies. -The Scientific Review speaks of the pro posed sea in the interior of Africa, etc., etc. The Review of Foreign Literatre notices only French works; the Political Record notices home affairs, the

lesiastical law in Prussia, the expedition to Tonquin, and the new magisterial laws in France. The Financial and Bibliographical Bulletins close the number.

NUOVA ANTOLOGIA (July 1st). -Opens with Thomas Henry Buckle and his History of Civilization' by P. Villari. The writer distributes praise and blame impartially. He concludes that Buckle's book, though an admirable sample of perseverance, labour and eloquence, can never be the basis of any solid edifice. It is almost a permanent protest against the error of trying to exalt intelligence at the expense of the moral character, which constituted the best part of its author, as it is the best part of the whole human race.'-G. Boglietti writes an article on Ugo Bassville in Rome,' who, he says, would be forgotten but for Monte's 'canticles.' Bassville was the representative in Rome of Jacobite policy, which, in turn, was one of the most curious manifestations of the great Revolution. Signora Pigorini-Beri communicates very interesting Walks in Calabria.' Father Stoppani, continuing his articles on 'Polar Ice,' articles which later may form a book, speaks of the probable equalizing of the mean temperature of the two hemispheres; the excesses of the boreal and uniformity of the austral climates; the circumpolar regions; why the austral sea does not freeze; the disproportion between the northern and southern ice; the supposed influence of marine currents; the decided greater warmth of the Arctic ocean; and the minimum value of such an influence on the problem of disproportion. The tale The Rigaldina' continues interesting, and is well-written. Signor Bonghi writes a long article on the ecclesiastical policy of Prussia, undisguisedly approving of Bismarck, and his choice of another path, when he found that the first he had taken only led him away from, instead of towards his object.Signor Marucchi writes on the 'Temple of Isis and Recent Discoveries.' Political Review, among other things, speaks of the French in Tonquin. Financial and Bibliographical Bulletins close the number.

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July 15th. This number opens with a second article on Longfellow, drawing an interesting comparison, among other things, between the American poet and Manzoni, in which the author says that the former undoubtedly wrote poetry with more spontaneity than the latter, but that Manzoni was a much more acute and patient observer, so that he became more popular in prose, while Longfellow's popularity was founded entirely on his poetry. After a careful criticism of the poems of Longfellow, the writer says that, although the Americans regret that the poet did not become their national poet, par excellence, his very cosmopolitanism and large-heartedness gained for him the universal fame that is reflected back on his whole nation. An excellent translation of 'Excelsior' is given, and the curious fact is mentioned that nowhere in Europe did the word 'Excelsior' become so much the fashion as in Italy, where it was dragged from its high estate and mixed with the commonest things, being used by persons who had never read Excelsior' either in English or Italian, among whom was a certain inn-keeper who put it as a sign over his door at Verese. Signor A. Borgognoni gives a very interesting sketch of a book just published from an old manuscript of the fifteenth century. It is the life of a certain Sister Felice, written by a nun who was her affectionate and devoted companion, and contains much that is important and instructive. There are strange pictures of the nuns, 'foolish, with evidently truthful details of life in that century as to render the book extremely bad manners, drunken, gluttonous, inconsiderate, blasphemous, and full of faults and vices !' But Sister Felice herself was full of goodness; a poetess and musician, she was courted by many lovers both before she became a nun and after-indeed there is a great deal of love-making in the convent-but she never gave her heart away until, when past forty years of age, a noble gentleman, happening to see some of her letters fell desperately in love with them and her, and gained her affections, though they never met for eight months, and then only rarely and separated by the bars of the parlatorio. For three years the lover remained faithful, then he began to tire, and poor Sister Felice, who could not forget him, fell ill, and never entirely recovered her health. She was twice made abbess, and died soon after reaching her sixtieth year. Signor Errera writes on 'Insurances on Life and Property.' The story, 'La Rigaldina,' closes in a very sad way; it is written with great truth to nature, and the heroine and