brought Strato Brutus friend unto him, and weeping said : Cæsar, behold here is he that did the last seruice to my Brutus.” -N. P. p. 1014.

68 "For it was said that Antonius spake it openly diuers times that he thought that of all them that had slaine Cæsar, there was none but Brutus onely that was moued to do it as thinking the act commendable of it selfe; but that all the other conspiratours did conspire his death for some priuate malice or enuie that they otherwise did beare unto him.”—N. P. p. 1003. 71 He, only. This is the folio punctuation, and correct, though it is altered by modern editors; the sense being, "He made one of them, simply in honourable care for the commonwealth."

73 Elements. See Glossary. On this description Malone quotes the portrait of Crites from Ben Jonson's Cynthia's Revels, ii. I : A creature of a most perfect and divine temper: one in whom the humours and elements are peaceably met without emulation of precedency; he is neither too fantastically melancholy, too slowly phlegmatic, too lightly sanguine, or too rashly choleric; but in all so composed and ordered as it is clear Nature went about some full work, she did more than make a man when she made him.' Cynthia's Revels was acted in 1600, and this passage occurs in the 1601 4to. (iii. 1.) Shakespeare may have remembered the passage from the performance, or have seen the MS.; or, on the other hand, Ben Jonson may be indebted to Shakespeare; or the two passages may be independent. See Introduction, p. xix.

GLOSSARY

A

a, in a-clock. (ii. 2.. 114; v. 3. 109.) Worn down from of. It was once the ordinary representative of of in certain phrases; as men a war, cloth a gold, inns a court, time a day, out a doors. So John a Gaunt. (Richard II. i. 3. 76.) Murray gives references for a-clock from 1480 (Plumpton Corr.) to 1741 (Amhurst, Terrae filius).

a, in a-nights. (i. 2. 193; ii. 2. 116.) Worn down from O. E. prep. an, on, which also absorbed the prep. in, and so had the meanings on, in, unto, into, to. The separate a is now rarely used, being replaced by the full on, in, &c., except in a few verbal constructions, as to go a begging, and in temporal distributive phrases, as once a week; but it remains, treated as a prefix, in many compound adverbs; e.g. abed (on), ashore (on to), aside (to), asunder (into), cf. a-pieces (Henry VIII. v. 4. 80); alive (in), live being a noun; cf. asleep. (Words like ablaze, formed from verbs on a false analogy, are modern.) This preposition was very common with the verbal noun, either (i.) taken passively, as in 1 Peter iii. 20, "In the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing; or (ii.) actively, now vulgar, as in Bunyan's Pilg., "She is a taking of her last farewell; or (iii.) with verbs of motion, as in S. John xxi. 3, "I go a fishing."

a, in a-weary. (iv. 3. 95.) This word was not in use till the sixteenth century, when the different meanings of the prefix a, of which Skeat enumerates thirteen, had been merged in a general intensive. Murray's first instance is from a sermon of Latimer's (1552).

abide (iii. 1. 94, 2. 119), for aby, through association of sense between paying for a deed and awaiting its consequences. Cf. Marlowe (Edward II. ii. 2. 882), "Dear shall you both abide this riotous deed." Aby is a- (out, away) + buy, 'to buy off,' 'pay for,' and so 'pay the penalty for.'

"Thus dere abought is Love in yevynge" (giving.) -CHAUCER, Compl. Mars. 334.

"Thy false body shall abie,

And suffer that it hath deserved."

-GOWER, Conf. i. 261.

Sir Walter Scott uses abye in Lord of the Isles, v. 27. In Milsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 175, "Lest thou abide it dear," the first quarto has aby.

abject (iv. I. 37), 'cast away,' from Latin ab+ jacere. It has the senses of 'downcast' and 'mean-spirited,' but only the latter in Shakespeare; e.g. 2 Henry VI. iv. 1. 105, "These paltry, servile, abject drudges." Shakespeare once uses the noun (cf. Psalm xxxv. 15), but accents it on the last syllable (Richard III. i. I. 106), "We are the queen's abjects and must obey;" so that I have not followed Staunton in his further alteration of the text into abjects, orts.'

addressed (iii. 1. 29), through French adresser, from late popular Latin add(i)rectiare, to make straight.' See Directly. Hence various meanings. (i.) 'Erected,' "She, like a goodly beacon, high addrest" (SPENSER, Colin Clout, 563); (ii.) 'well ordered,' "Full jolly knight he seemed and well addrest" (Fairy Queen, i. II. II); (iii.) ‘made ready,' see quotations in note; (iv.) 'dressed,' "Fair Europa sate With many goodly diadems addrest" (DANIEL, Civil Wars, vi. 28); (v.) modern.

aim (i. 2. 163, i. 3. 52), through O. French esmer, from Latin aestimare. (i.) Estimate,' 'conjecture,' as in i. 2. 163; e.g. WYCLIF, I Samuel i. 13, "Heli therefor eymyde hir dronken." Cf. Two Gentlemen, iii. 1. 45, “Do it so cunningly that my discovery be not aimed at." (ii.) 'Course,' 'direction,' as in i. 3. 52. (iii.) 'Intention,' as in Paradise Lost, i. 41, “With ambitious aim Against the throne and monarchy of God.”

alarum, a variant of alarm, due to rolling the r, formerly used in all the senses of that word. O. French alarme, from Italian all'arme! ('to arms'). Hence first used as an exclamation, as in Coverdale (Jeremiah li. 14), "Which with a corage shall cry Alarum! Alarum! agaynst the;" then, as a noun, a 'call to arms;' and finally of a warning sound of any kind.

and (i. 2. 268, 279) conditional conjunction (='if'). Skeat says that this use was derived from that of the Norse enda, which not only 'moreover,' but 'if.' Murray thinks this unlikely, and suggests that there is an ellipsis, as in "I'll cross the sea, so it please my lord." Dr. Abbott (Sh. G. 102) regards the and as merely copulative, the conditional force being in the subjunctive. Anyhow, the words an, and are the same, an being written for the copulative not uncommonly from 11001500, and for the conditional conjunction occasionally after 1600. Except in an 't, an is found only once (Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 232) in the first folio of Shakespeare, the full form and being used. Sometimes and was strengthened by the addition of if, as in S. Matthew xxiv. 48, " But and if that evil servant," &c.

annoy (i. 3. 22; ii. 1. 160), through O. French anoier, formed from anoi enui (mod. ennui), from Latin in odio, used in the phrase, "Est mihi in odio." (i.) To be hateful, distasteful to,' as in Wyclif, Numbers xxi. 4, "It bigan to anoye the puple of the weie and trauel." (ii.) 'Hurt,' 'molest,' as here, especially in military sense. Cf. Wyclif, Isaiah xi. 9, "Thei shuln not anoye in al myn hoeli mounteyn.' See Henry V. ii. 2. 102; Cymbeline, iv. 3. 33. Trench (Select Glossary) quotes from the Persones Tale some examples of annoyance in the old sense: Malignitee, thrugh which a man annoieth his neeghbour, as for to brenne his house prively, or enpoison him, or sle his bestes, and semblable things.'

=

answer. The original meaning is 'to meet a charge by a counter-affirmation' (andswerian being and- (against') + swerian, 'to swear'), as in Much Ado, iv. 2. 25, "How answer you for yourselves? Hence, as in i. 3. 114, "And then I know my answer must be made." From this comes the meaning of to 'suffer the consequences,' as in iii. 2. 85, “And grievously hath Cæsar answered it. In v. 1. 6, 24 the verb has a military sense, to 'repel an attack.' Cf. Henry V. ii. 4. 3; 2 Henry IV. iv. 5. 197; Coriolanus, i. 2. 19. In Hamlet (v. 2. 176) there is a play on this and the ordinary sense.

apprehensive (iii. 1. 67) (from Latin apprehendo), ' able to lay hold of' either thoughts or feelings, sensitive to them; e.g. Milton, Samson, 623, "Thoughts, my tormentors armed with deadly stings Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts.' Hence it comes to mean sensitive even to what is not yet present,' the more usual sense. In Midsummer Night's Dream, v. 1. 5, Shakespeare distinguishes 'apprehension' from 'comprehension '

"Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends."

And below, line 18

"Such tricks hath strong imagination,
That if it would but apprehend some joy,
It comprehends some bringer of that joy.

apt, from Latin aptus, fitted.' Hence (i.) 'ready,' as in iii. 1. 160, "I should not find myself so apt to die.' (ii.) 'Suitable,' Midsummer Night's Dream, v. 1. 65, "Not one word apt.' (iii.) 'Likely,' as in ii. 2. 97, "It were a mock apt to be rendered." (iv.) 'Susceptible,' as in v. 3. 68, "Why dost thou show to the apt thoughts of men?"

arrive (i. 2. 110), through O. French arriver, from Low Latin adripare (ad- ripam), a seaman's term 'to bring to shore;' and until 1550 this and its reflexive, 'to come to shore,' were the

I

usual senses in English. Shakespeare, who knew Latin and Italian, omits the preposition when the word is used in its etymological sense. (Cf. It. arrivare.) So Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 409, "Ere he arrive the happy Ile." Shelley (Cyclops 668) and Tennyson (In Mem. 84) have imitated them."

"The

as (1), conjunction and adverb; (2) relative pronoun. The first of these is worn down from all- so, O. E. all- swá (='just so'), through the forms al so, alse. Murray says: phonetic weakening in each of its successive stages began with the relative sense. The correlation in 'The colour is as bright as gold' was originally expressed by 'Swá beorht swá gold,' but the antecedent form was also strengthened by all, All swá beorht swá gold.' The prefixed all, though originally emphatic, soon lost its force, and al- swá, also,' came to imply no more than the simple swá, 'so.' Hence by 1200 (in the North) alswa had begun to appear in the subordinate clause also, a construction soon generally adopted, though almost always with the relative in a phonetically weaker form than the antecedent; e.g. 'Also briht alse gold,' Alse bright as gold;' but finally with both correlatives worn down, 'As bright as gold."

(2) The use of as for the relative pronoun may have arisen from its use by ellipsis of the proper relative after such and same, such being then sometimes replaced by that and those, or altogether omitted. But Professor Skeat considers the relative as a distinct word, a corruption of the Icelandic relative es, through confusion with the conjunction as. He quotes from Maundey (1366), "The first Soudan [Sultan] was Zarocon as was fadre to Sahaladyn."

B

basis (iii. 1. 115), the Latin form whence base is derived. So compare Tempest, ii. 1. 120, "Th' shore; that o'er his waveworne basis bowed,' with Henry V. iii. 1. 13, “As doth a galled rock O'erhang and jutty his confounded base."

6

battle (v. I. 4, 3. 108), through O. French bataille, from Low Latin batalia, a fight.' Like bataille, it means (1) 'a fight,' (2) 'a battalion,' a word that occurs only once in Shakespeare. Hamlet, iv. 5. 79.) It was used also of the whole army or of the main body as distinguished from the van and rear. 'Where divine blessing leads up the van, and man's valour brings up the battle, must not victory needs follow in the rear?”—FULLER, quoted by TRENCH, Select Glossary. Cf. Richard III. v. 3. 299.

bay (iii. 1. 204; iv. 1. 49, 3. 28), through French abbarer, from Latin ad+baubari. Abay, which Skeat quotes from King Alisaunder, was corrupted into bay, the word meaning 'to bark as a dog.' Rendre les abbois, to turn upon the hounds, was