by the learned professor Barkey, minister of the German church at the Hague.'

BERGALLI (CHARLES), an Italian monk of the order of the minorite conventuals, was born at Palermo, and in 1650, when he officiated during Lent at Bologna, acquired high reputation as a preacher. He was professor of philosophy and divinity in the convents of his order, provincial in Sicily, and superintendant of the great convent of Palermo, where he died, November 17, 1679. He published a philosophical work, or at least a work on philosophy, entitled "De objecto philosophiæ," Perug. 1649, 4to; and it is said that he wrote an Italian epic poem called "Davidiade," a collection entitled "Poesis miscellanea," and an elementary work on medicine, "Tyrocinium medica facultatis;" but these have not been printed. '

BERGALLI (LOUISA), an Italian poetess, was born April 15, 1703, and appeared from her infancy capable of making a figure in the literary world. Her father, although of a genteel family of Piedmont, was ruined by various misfortunes, and at length set up a shoemaker's shop in Venice, where he acquired some property. His daughter Louisa, one of a numerous family, discovered first a taste for embroidery, then for drawing and painting, in which she was instructed by the celebrated female artist Rosalba Carriera; nor did she make less progress in literature, philosophy, and languages. She learned French of her father, and Latin under an excellent master, and in the course of this study she translated some of the comedies of Terence. Having conceived a particular taste for dramatic poetry, she received some instructions from Apostolo Zeno. soon as her talents were known, places both lucrative and honourable were offered to her at Rome, Poland, Spain, and Milan, but she would not quit Venice, her native country, and continued her studies until the age of thirty-five, when she married count Gaspard Gozzi, a noble Venetian, known in the literary world for his Italian dramas and other works. She lived with him very happily, and bore five children, whom she educated with great care. The time of her death is not mentioned. Her principal works are, 1. "Agide re di Sparta," a musical drama, Venice, 1725, 12mo. 2. "La Teba," a tragedy, ibid. 1728, 8vo. 3. "L'Elenia," musical drama, ibid. 1730, 12mo.

1 Biog. Universelle.-Month. Rev. vol. LXXI. p. 467.. 2 Moreri.-Biog. Universelle.

As

4. "Le Avven

ture del poeta," comedy, ibid. 1730, 8vo. 5. "Elettra," tragedy, ibid. 1743, 12mo. 6. "La Bradamante," musical drama, ibid. 1747, 12mo. 7. "Le Commedie di Terenzio tradotto in versi sciolti," ibid. 1733, Svo. 8. Translations from Racine and other dramatic poets of France. 9. "umponimenti poetici delle piu illustri rimatrici d'ogni secolo," ibid. 1726, 12mo. Many of her sonnets and lesser pieces appeared from time to time in various collec tions. '

BERGAMO. See FORESTI.

BERGANTINI (JOHN PETER), an Italian author of the last century, was born at Venice, October 4, 1685. He studied for eight years in the Jesuits' college of Bologna, and on his return to his own country, after a course of civil and canon law, was created doctor in 1706. He began then to practise at the bar, where he had considerable success, until he arrived at the twenty-fourth year of his age, when he suddenly changed his profession, and entered the order of the Theatins, January 12, 1711. He was some years after called to Rome, by the general of the order, and appointed their secretary; and such was his reputation among them, that he obtained a dispensation, never before granted by that society, to confess women, six years before the time prescribed by their laws. He afterwards devoted much of his time to preaching, through the principal cities of Italy. On his return to Venice in 1726, he determined to settle there, dividing his time between the duties of his profession, and the study of the best ancient authors, and those of his own country. His first publications were harangues, panegyrics, and funeral orations, few of which survived him, but the following works were thought entitled to more durable fame: 1. A translation of Thuanus "De re Accipitraria," and of Bargeo's "Ixeuticon," under the title of "Il Falconiere di Jacopo Aug. Thuano, &c. with the Latin text and learned notes, Venice, 1735, 4to. 2. A translation of Vaniere's "Prædium rusticum," entitled "Della Possessione di Campagna," Venice, 1748, 8vo, unluckily taken from the edition of 1706, the translator not being acquainted with that of 1730. He translated also cardinal de Polignac's" Anti-Lucretius," Verona, 1752, 8vo, and published an improvement of the de la Crusca dictionary, under the title "Della volgare elocu

Biog. Universelle.

zione, illustrata, ampliata e facilitata, vol. I. contenente, A. B." Venice, 1740, folio. The bookseller being unsuccessful in the sale, this volume only appeared, but the author, in 1753, published a prospectus in which he professed to have re-modelled the work, and reduced it from twelve volumes to six. This, however, still remains in manuscript, with many other works from his pen. Our authority does not mention his death. 1

BERGELLANUS (JOHN ARNOLD), the author of a poem in praise of printing, written in Latin hexameters and pentameters, has escaped the researches of biographers as to much personal history. It is, however, conjectured, that his proper name was Arnold or Arnoldi, and that he was called Bergellanus from his country. It is supposed also that he came to Mentz, and was employed there, either as a workman, or as a corrector of the press. John Conrad Zeltner, who is of this last opinion, has accordingly assigned him a short article in his Latin history of the correctors of the press, p. 79, 80, where he calls him John Anthony, instead of John Arnold. Struvius (Introd. in not. rei litterariæ, p. 892) considers Bergellanus as the first historian of printing, but in this he is mistaken. Mentel, in his "Parænesis de vera origine Typographiæ, p. 52, says that Bergellanus's poem was printed in 1510, which could not be the case, as mention is made in it of Charles V. who was not emperor until 1519. Walkius, who wrote in 1608, asserts that Bergellanus wrote or published his poem eighty years before, which brings us to 1528, but in fact it was not written or published until 1540 and 1541, as appears clearly by the author's dedication to cardinal Albert, archbishop of Mentz and marquis of Brandebourg. There have been six editions of it, separate or joined to other works on the subject. The two last are by Prosper Marchand in his History of Printing, Hague, 1740, 4to, and by Wolfius in his "Monumenta typographica."

2

BERGEN (CHARLES AUGUSTUS DE), a German anatomist and botanist, was born August 11, 1704, at Francfort on the Oder. His father, John George Bergen, was professor of anatomy and botany in that university. After his early studies, his father gave him some instructions in the principles of medicine, and then sent him to Leyden, where he studied under Boerhaave and Albinus.

He also

went to Paris for farther improvement in anatomy. The reputation of Saltzman and Nicolai next induced him to pass some time at Strasburgh, and after visiting other celebrated universities in Germany, he returned to Francfort, and took his doctor's degree in 1731. The following year he was appointed professor-extraordinary, and, in 1738, succeeded, on the death of his father, to the chair of anatomy and botany. In 1744 he became professor of therapeutics and pathology, in room of Goelicke, which he retained with high credit until his death, October 7, 1760, on which occasion his life, in the form of an eloge, was published in the Leipsic Medical Commentaries, vol. IX.

Bergen is the author of a great many works on botany, and various branches of natural history. In 1742 he published a dissertation to prove the superiority of the system of Linnæus to that of Tournefort, but afterwards he changed his opinion, and his "Francfort Flora," published in 1750, is arranged on the Tournefortian system, although with improvements. This Flora was originally only a new edition of the "Vade Mecum" of Johrenius, one of his predecessors in the botanical chair, but unquestionably his additions were then new and important. He also proposed a new classification of shells, published observations on the anatomy of frogs, and several dissertations or memoirs on various plants and animals. His academical dissertations on anatomy were published by Haller, who particularly praises those on the intercostal nerve and on the cellular membrane. His works not included in that collection are, 1. "Icon nova ventriculorum cerebri," Francfort, 1734. 2. "Programma de pia matre," Nuremberg, 1736, 4to. 3. "Programma de nervis quibusdam cranii ad novem paria hactenus non relatis," Francfort, 1738. 4. "Methodus cranii ossa dissuendi, et machinæ hunc in finem constructæ, delineatio," 1741, 4to. 5. "Pentas obervationum anato

mico-physiologicarum," 1743, 4to. 6. "Elementa physiologiæ," Geneva, 1749, 8vo, after the manner of Boerhaave's Institutes. 7. "Anatomes experimentalis, pars prima et secunda," Francfort, 1755, 1758, 8vo. 8. Several dissertations and theses, in the medical journals. 9. "Programma," already mentioned, on the comparative merits of the Linnæan and Tournefortian systems, Francfort, 1742, 4to; Leipsic, 1742, 4to. 10. Dissertatio de Aloide," Francfort, 1753, 4to, with a supplement in the Nova Act. Acad. Nat. Curiosor. vol. II. 11. "Catalogus

stirpium quas hortus academiæ Viadrinæ (Francfort) complectitur," 1744, 8vo. 12. "Flora Francofurtana," ibid. 1750, 8vo. 13. Classes conchyliorum," Nuremberg, Adanson consecrated a genus to the memory of Bergen under the name of Bergena, but it was not adopted by Linnæus. 1

1760, 4to.

BERGER (JOHN HENRY DE), a learned lawyer, was born at Gera, Jan. 27, 1657, and studied at Halle, Leipsic, and Jena. He afterwards was appointed professor of law at Wittemberg, and counsellor at Dresden. In 1713,

Charles VI. invited him to Vienna in quality of aulic counsellor of the empire, and he died there November 25, 1732. Of his numerous works, which have been often reprinted, the following are the principal: 1. "Electa processus executivi, processorii, provocatorii et matrimonialis," Leipsic, 1705, 4to. 2. "Electa disceptationum forensium," the best edition of which is that of Th. Hayme, 1738, 3 vols. 4to. 3. "Electa jurisprudentiæ criminalis," Leipsic, 1706, 4to. 4. "Responsa ex omni jure," 1708, folio. 5. "Economia juris," 1731, folio. Berger left three sons, Christopher Henry, Frederic Louis, and John Augusts, who all followed the profession of the law with distinguished merit. 2

BERGER (JOHN WILLIAM), brother to the preceding, was professor of eloquence at Wittemberg, aulic counsellor to the elector of Saxony, Augustus II. king of Poland, and died in 1751. He wrote several interesting dissertations, mostly on points of ancient history and literature, among which are, 1. "Dissert. Sex de Libanio," Wittemberg, 1696, 1698, 4to. 2. "De antiqua poetarum sapientia,' 1699, 4to. 3." De Virgilio oratore," 1705, 4to. 4. "Dissert. tres de Lino," 1707, 4to. 5. "Disciplina Longini selecta," 1712, 4to. 6. "De Mysteriis Cereris et Bacchi," 1723, 4to. 7. "De Trajano non Optimo," 1725, 4to. 8. "De Stephanophoris veterum," 1725, 4to, &c. Saxius, who has given a much fuller list of his dissertations, praises him as a man of most extensive learning, and who had scarcely his equal in Germany. Yet from one of his works we should be inclined to doubt his taste. Among those enumerated by Saxius is one, "De naturali pulchritudine orationis," 1719, in which he attempts to prove that Cæsar's Commentaries (the pure, simple, and elegant style of which is more remote from the sublime than that

Biog. Universelle,

? Moreri.-Biog. Universelle.-Saxii Onomast.